his income is limited to

► verbo pronominal

1 (gen) to be reduced; (decrecer) to decrease

2 (resultar) to come down (a, to)

■ todo se redujo a una equivocación it all came down to a mistake

* * *

1) (=disminuir) [inflación, población, beneficios] to fall; [calor] to become less intense, decrease; [salsa] to reduce

2) (=limitarse)

a) [en cantidad]

b) [en extensión]

c) [persona] to limit o.s. to

* * *

= taper in.

Ex. Some of these trenches have walls that taper in at the bottom or flare at the top.

* * *

* * *

* * *

vpr

1. [disminuir] to go down, to fall, to decrease;

se ha reducido la diferencia the gap has closed;

los salarios se han reducido un 2 por ciento salaries have gone down o fallen o decreased by 2 percent

2.

me he reducido a lo esencial I've concentrated on the bare essentials

3.

todo se reduce a una cuestión de dinero it all boils o comes down to money

* * *

v/r come down (a to)

* * *

vr

reducirse a : to come down to, to be nothing more than

limited

finance società f a responsabilità limitata limited company

è limitato di persona he's got his limitations

* * *

limitato agg.

1 limited; (ristretto) restricted, narrow; (scarso) scanty, small: capitali limitati, limited capital; poteri limitati, limited powers; ha mezzi limitati, he has limited means; la velocità è limitata a 40 km/h, the speed is restricted to 40 km/ h; possiamo solo darvi notizie molto limitate, we can give you only scanty news; la sua intelligenza è molto limitata, he is a man of limited intelligence; mentalità limitata, narrow-mindedness // (econ.): reddito limitato, modest income; credito limitato, close credit; responsabilità limitata, limited liability; società a responsabilità limitata, limited (liability) company

2 (controllato) moderate, careful: essere limitato nelle spese, to spend carefully; essere limitato nel bere, to drink moderately

3 (mat.) bounded.

* * *

participio passato limitare I

aggettivo (ristretto) [ persona] limited, narrow-minded; [zona, spazio] limited, constricted, confined; [possibilità, risorse, offerta] limited; [scelta, interesse, mentalità, intelligenza] narrow, limited; [ budget] restricted, tight; [ mezzi] moderate

* * *

limitato

/limi'tato/

I participio passato

 → 1. limitare

II aggettivo

  (ristretto) [ persona] limited, narrow-minded; [zona, spazio] limited, constricted, confined; [possibilità, risorse, offerta] limited; [scelta, interesse, mentalità, intelligenza] narrow, limited; [ budget] restricted, tight; [ mezzi] moderate.

1 smaller.

2 younger, junior.

3 minor, lesser.

minor (law) (child).

1 minor, young man, youngster.

2 minor, young girl.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (comparativo - en tamaño) smaller; (- en calidad, importancia) lesser; (- en edad) younger

■ necesito una talla menor I need a smaller size

■ se corre menor peligro it's less dangerous

■ mi hermano menor my younger brother

2 (superlativo - en tamaño) smallest; (- en calidad, importancia) least; (- en edad) youngest

■ cogió el trozo de menos tamaño she took the smallest piece

■ no tiene la menor importancia it's not at all important

■ su hermano menor se quedará en casa his youngest brother is going to stay at home

3 (inferior) minor

4 MÚSICA minor

► nombre masulino o femenino

1 DERECHO minor

\

al por menor retail

apto,-a para menores (gen) suitable for all ages 2 (película) U-certificate, US rated G

ser menor de edad to be under age

menor de edad minor

tribunal de menores juvenile court

* * *

1) minor

2) smaller, smallest

3) lesser, least

4) younger, youngest

•

- al por menor

* * *

1. ADJ

1) [comparativo]

a) [de tamaño] smaller

b) [de cantidad] fewer, less

c) [de importancia, tiempo]

d) [de edad] younger

e) (Mús) minor

f) (Rel) [orden] minor

2) [superlativo]

a) [de tamaño] smallest

b) [de cantidad] lowest, smallest

c) [de importancia, tiempo] least

d) [de edad] youngest

SMF (=niño) child, minor frm

3. SM

1) (Com)

2) Esp

* * *

1)

a) ( comparativo de pequeño)

b) ( superlativo de pequeño)

2) ( en edad)

a) ( comparativo)

b) ( superlativo)

3) ( secundario) <escritor/obra> minor

4) (Mús) minor

5) (Com)

masculino y femenino (Der) minor

- menor de edad

* * *

1)

a) ( comparativo de pequeño)

b) ( superlativo de pequeño)

2) ( en edad)

a) ( comparativo)

b) ( superlativo)

3) ( secundario) <escritor/obra> minor

4) (Mús) minor

5) (Com)

masculino y femenino (Der) minor

- menor de edad

* * *

el menor

menor¹

¹ = infant, juvenile, juvenile, minor.

menor²

² = minor, reduced, slight [sligther -comp., slightest -sup.], low-key [low key], lesser, lower-key, diminished, low-keyed.

* * *

1 (comparativo de pequeño¹ adj (↑ pequeño (1))):

un período de menor interés histórico que el anterior a period of less historical interest than the previous one

nuestro poder adquisitivo es cada vez menor our purchasing power decreases every day

en menor medida to a lesser extent o degree

en mayor o menor grado to a greater or lesser extent o degree

alimentos de menor contenido calórico food which is lower in calories

un ingreso tres veces menor que el mío an income three times lower than mine

un porcentaje de indecisos menor que el del último sondeo a lower o smaller percentage of don't knows than in the last poll

( Mat): X Z (read as: equis es menor que zeta) X Z (léase: X is less than Z)

esto sucede con menor frecuencia que antes this happens less often o less frequently than before

2 (superlativo de pequeño):

haciendo el menor ruido posible making as little noise as possible

eligió el de menor tamaño she chose the smallest one

¿cuál es la menor de las islas Baleares? which is the smallest of the Balearic islands?

B (en edad) [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

(comparativo): ¿tienes hermanas menores? do you have any younger sisters?

menor QUE algn younger THAN sb

es un año menor que yo she's a year younger than me

(superlativo): ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? who's the youngest of the brothers?

mi hijo menor my youngest son

el menor de los dos niños the younger of the two boys

C (secundario) ‹escritor/obra› minor

sufrió lesiones de menor importancia she received minor injuries

D ( Mús) minor

E ( Com):

(al) por menor retail

[ S ] venta (al) por menor retail sales

los distribuidores (al) por menor retail shops o outlets

( Der) minor

[ S ] película no apta para menores movie not suitable for under-18s, certificate 18

masculine and feminine minor

ser menor de edad to be a minor, be underage

* * *

a) ( comparativo de

◊ pequeño) ‹número/porcentaje› lower, smaller;

b) ( superlativo de

◊ pequeño): el país con el menor número de parados the country with the lowest unemployment figures;

a) ( comparativo) younger;

b) ( superlativo):

◊ ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? who's the youngest of the brothers?;

◊ lesiones de menor importancia minor injuries

◊ (al) por menor retail

◊ menor de edad minor; ser menor de edad to be a minor, to be under age;

* * *

♦ adj

1. [comparativo] [en tamaño] smaller ( que than); [en edad] younger ( que than); [en importancia] less, lesser ( que than); [en número] lower ( que than);

mi hermana menor my younger sister;

es ocho años menor que yo he's eight years younger than me;

reciben menor formación que nosotros they receive less training than us;

en menor grado to a lesser extent;

un menor número de víctimas a lower o smaller number of victims;

una menor tasa de inflación a lower rate of inflation;

apartamentos menores de 100 metros cuadrados Br flats o US apartments of less than o under 100 square metres;

ayudas para empresarios menores de veinticinco años grants for businessmen (of) under twenty-five;

sólo la menor parte de los encuestados estaba en contra only a minority of those interviewed were opposed;

menor que less than

2. [superlativo]

la menor de las islas the smallest island, the smallest of the islands;

la menor de todos nosotros/de la clase the youngest of all of us/in the class;

la menor de las dos hermanas the younger of the two sisters;

el menor ruido le molesta the slightest noise disturbs him;

no creo que tenga el menor interés I don't think it's at all o the slightest bit interesting;

no te preocupes, no tiene la menor importancia don't worry, it doesn't matter at all o in the least;

no tengo la menor idea I haven't the slightest idea

3. [intrascendente, secundario] minor;

un problema menor a minor problem

4. [joven]

ser menor de edad [para votar, conducir] to be under age;

5. Mús minor;

en do menor in C minor

6. Com

vender algo al por menor to retail sth;

puntos de venta al por menor retail outlets

♦ nmf

1. [superlativo]

2. Der [niño] minor;

es una película no apta para menores this film has been classified as unsuitable for children;

no apta para menores [en letrero] = unsuitable for children

* * *

I adj

1 comp less; en tamaño smaller; en edad younger;

ser menor de edad be a minor

2 sup

el menor en tamaño the smallest; en edad the youngest;

el número menor the lowest number;

no tengo la menor idea I don’t have the slightest idea

3 MÚS tono, modo minor;

mi menor E minor

al por menor retail

II m/f minor

* * *

menor adj

1) (comparative of pequeño) : smaller, lesser, younger

2) (superlative of pequeño) : smallest, least, youngest

3) : minor

al por menor : retail

ser menor de edad : to be a minor, to be underage

menor nmf

: minor, juvenile

* * *

menor¹ adj

1. (comparativo menos grande) smaller

2. (ningún) slightest

3. (comparativo más joven) younger

4. (superlativo más joven) youngest

menor² n

1. (más joven) youngest

2. (menor de edad) minor

f invar possibility

( occasione) opportunity, chance

possibilità di guadagno earning potential

possibilità di carriera promotion prospects

* * *

possibilità s.f.

1 possibility; ( occasione) chance, scope, opportunity; ( probabilità) likelihood; ( potere) power: avere la possibilità di fare qlco., to be able to do sthg.; questo va al di là delle sue possibilità, this is beyond him; dare a qlcu. la possibilità di fare qlco., to enable s.o. to do sthg. (o to give s.o. the opportunity to do sthg.); essere nella possibilità di fare qlco., to be in a position to do sthg.; non vedo la possibilità di salvarlo, there doesn't appear to be any chance of saving him; ci sono buone possibilità di trovare un lavoro, there's a good chance of our finding work; avrai presto la possibilità di incontrarlo, you'll soon have the chance to meet him; la possibilità di un insuccesso, the possibility of a failure; possibilità favorevole, favourable odds; ci sono molte possibilità in questo campo, this field offers wide scope (o many opportunities); questa società offre una notevole possibilità di iniziativa, there is considerable scope for initiative in this company; non c'è nessuna possibilità che venga, there is no chance (o likelihood) of his coming

2 (spec. pl.) ( finanziarie) means (pl.), resources (pl.): sarebbe una spesa al di là delle nostre possibilità, it would be an expense beyond our means // (econ.): le nostre possibilità sono limitate, our means are limited; il progetto rientra nelle nostre possibilità finanziarie, the project is within our own resources.

* * *

sostantivo femminile invariabile

1) (eventualità) possibility; (probabilità) likelihood

2) (occasione) opportunity, chance

sostantivo femminile plurale

1) (capacità) abilities

2) (mezzi economici) means, income sing.

* * *

possibilità

/possibili'ta/

I f.inv.

 1 (eventualità) possibility; (probabilità) likelihood; la possibilità di fare qcs. the possibility of doing sth.; c'è la possibilità che venga there's a possibility that he might come; quali sono le sue possibilità di recupero? what are his chances of recovery? c'è la pur minima possibilità che...? is it at all likely that...? avere una possibilità su cinque to have a one-in-five chance

 2 (occasione) opportunity, chance; le possibilità di trovare un lavoro the chances of finding a job; valutare tutte le possibilità to weigh up all the options; non ho altra possibilità che accettare I have no choice but to accept; offrire o dare a qcn. la possibilità di fare to give sb. the chance to do o of doing

II f.pl.

 1 (capacità) abilities

 2 (mezzi economici) means, income sing.; al di sopra delle proprie possibilità beyond one's income o means.

1. bes. bei Mengen: small; (wenig) little; Gehalt, Preis, Leistung, Produktion, Temperatur, Druck etc.: low; Entfernung: small, short; geringes Interesse little interest; mit geringen Ausnahmen with few exceptions; geringe Chancen slim prospects; die Chancen sind gering auch there isn’t much chance ( oder hope); geringe Kenntnisse scant knowledge; in geringer Höhe fairly low (down); in geringer Tiefe not too deep (down); mit geringer Verspätung slightly late; um ein Geringes (ein wenig) a little; (fast) very nearly; (billig) cheaply

2. (unbedeutend) insignificant, negligible, minor; (wenig, schwach) slight, little; (bescheiden) Einkommen, Preis etc.: modest; (beschränkt) limited; nichts Geringes no small matter; es spielt keine geringe Rolle it plays no small part

3. (schlecht) Qualität: inferior, poor, low; Kenntnisse: poor; Herkunft etc., auch Ansehen, Meinung: low; eine geringe Meinung haben von have a low opinion of, not think much ( oder too highly) of; in geringem Ansehen stehen be held in low esteem ( bei by); geringer, geringst...

1. (geringfügig) a little

2. (niedrig) gering geschätzt at least, at a conservative estimate; zu gering ( ein) schätzen konkret: underestimate; ideell: underrate

3. (wenig, schlecht): von jemandem gering denken not think much of s.o., have a low opinion of s.o.; gering achten oder schätzen (nicht wichtig nehmen) place little value on, not care (much) about; (nicht gut finden) have a low opinion of, not think much ( oder very highly) of; (etw.) auch hold cheap, set little store by; (verachten) despise; (Gefahr) disregard

* * *

diminutive; little; slim; small; exiguous; scant

* * *

1. adj

1) (= nicht sehr groß, niedrig) Temperatur, Luftdruck, Leistung, Produktion low; Gehalt, Preis low, modest; Menge, Vorrat, Betrag, Entfernung small; Wert little attr; (= kurz) Zeit, Entfernung short

2) (= unbedeutend, unerheblich) slight; Chance auch small, slim; Bedeutung, Rolle minor

3) (= unzulänglich) Qualität, Kenntnisse poor; (= abschätzig) Meinung low, poor

4) attr (fig geh) Familie, Herkunft humble

2. adv

1)

2)

* * *

1) (slight or small: His chances of winning are extremely slender.) slender

2) (not good; slight: There's still a slim chance that we'll find the child alive.) slim

* * *

I. adj

1. (niedrig) low; METEO low

eine \geringe Anzahl/Menge a small number/amount

\geringere Liquidität BÖRSE illiquidity

\geringe Umsätze tätigen BÖRSE to make little sales

von \geringem Wert of little value

\gering gerechnet at a modest estimate

nicht das G\geringste nothing at all

nicht im G\geringsten not in the least [or slightest] [bit]

das stört mich nicht im G\geringsten it doesn't disturb me in the slightest [or least] [bit]

2. (unerheblich) slight

\geringe Abschwächung BÖRSE slight decline

\geringe Bedeutung minor significance

eine \geringe Chance a slim [or slight] [or small] chance

\geringe Kursbewegung bei den Hauptwährungen BÖRSE slight movements in the metropolitan currency rates

\geringe Kursschwankungen aufweisen BÖRSE to move in a narrow range

\geringe Lohnunterschiede slight disparity of wages

3. (unzulänglich) poor, low

eine \geringe Lebenserfahrung little experience in life

▶ kein G\geringerer als......, no less a. hum, no less a person than... a. hum

II. adv

1. (schlecht) poorly

\gering von jdm denken/sprechen to have a poor opinion/speak badly of sb

2. (wenig, kaum)

jdn/etw \gering achten [o schätzen] (verachten) to think little of sb/sth, to have a low opinion of sb/to have little regard for sth, to place little/no importance on sth

etw \gering achten [o schätzen] (missachten) to disregard sth; (unterschätzen) to underestimate sth

* * *

1) low <temperature, pressure, price>; low, small <income, fee>; little < value>; small <quantity, amount>; short <distance, time>

2) (unbedeutend) slight; minor < role>

3) (veralt.): (niedrigstehend) humble <origin, person>

4) (geh.): (schlecht) poor, low, inferior <quality, opinion>

* * *

A. adj

1. besonders bei Mengen: small; (wenig) little; Gehalt, Preis, Leistung, Produktion, Temperatur, Druck etc: low; Entfernung: small, short;

geringes Interesse little interest;

mit geringen Ausnahmen with few exceptions;

geringe Chancen slim prospects;

die Chancen sind gering auch there isn’t much chance ( oder hope);

geringe Kenntnisse scant knowledge;

in geringer Höhe fairly low (down);

in geringer Tiefe not too deep (down);

mit geringer Verspätung slightly late;

um ein Geringes (ein wenig) a little; (fast) very nearly; (billig) cheaply

2. (unbedeutend) insignificant, negligible, minor; (wenig, schwach) slight, little; (bescheiden) Einkommen, Preis etc: modest; (beschränkt) limited;

nichts Geringes no small matter;

es spielt keine geringe Rolle it plays no small part

3. (schlecht) Qualität: inferior, poor, low; Kenntnisse: poor; Herkunft etc, auch Ansehen, Meinung: low;

eine geringe Meinung haben von have a low opinion of, not think much ( oder too highly) of;

in geringem Ansehen stehen be held in low esteem (

bei by); → geringer, geringst…

B. adv

1. (geringfügig) a little

2. (niedrig)

gering geschätzt at least, at a conservative estimate;

zu gering (ein)schätzen konkret: underestimate; ideell: underrate

3. (wenig, schlecht):

von jemandem gering denken not think much of sb, have a low opinion of sb;

gering achten oder

schätzen (nicht wichtig nehmen) place little value on, not care (much) about; (nicht gut finden) have a low opinion of, not think much ( oder very highly) of; (etwas) auch hold cheap, set little store by; (verachten) despise; (Gefahr) disregard

* * *

1) low <temperature, pressure, price>; low, small <income, fee>; little < value>; small <quantity, amount>; short <distance, time>

2) (unbedeutend) slight; minor < role>

3) (veralt.): (niedrigstehend) humble <origin, person>

4) (geh.): (schlecht) poor, low, inferior <quality, opinion>

* * *

humble adj.

slight adj.

small adj.

moyen¹, -yenne [mwajɛ̃, jεn]

1. adjective

   a. ( = ni grand ni petit) [taille] medium ; [ville, maison] medium-sized ; [prix] moderate

• les moyennes entreprises medium-sized companies

   b. ( = intermédiaire) middle

• il doit exister une voie moyenne there must be a middle way

   c. ( = du type courant) average

• le Français moyen the average Frenchman

   d. ( = ni bon ni mauvais) average

• il est moyen en géographie he is average at geography

• son devoir est très moyen his essay is pretty poor (inf)

• comment as-tu trouvé le spectacle ? -- très moyen what did you think of the show? -- pretty average

   e. (d'après des calculs) average

2. feminine noun

moyenne average ; ( = vitesse) average speed

• la moyenne d'âge the average age

• moyenne générale de l'année average for the year

• avoir la moyenne (à un devoir) to get fifty per cent ; (à un examen) to get a pass

• améliorer sa moyenne to improve one's marks (Brit) or grades (US)

• cet élève est dans la moyenne this pupil is about average

• cet élève est dans la bonne moyenne this pupil is above average

• faire du 100 de moyenne to average 100km/h

• en moyenne on average

• l'usine produit en moyenne 500 voitures par jour the factory turns out 500 cars a day on average

moyen² [mwajɛ̃]

1. masculine noun

   a. ( = procédé, manière) way

• il y a toujours un moyen there's always a way

• par quel moyen allez-vous le convaincre ? how will you manage to convince him?

• c'est le meilleur moyen de rater ton examen it's the best way to fail your exam

• c'est l'unique moyen de s'en sortir it's the only way out

• tous les moyens lui sont bons he'll stop at nothing

• tous les moyens seront mis en œuvre pour réussir we shall use all possible means to succeed

• se débrouiller avec les moyens du bord to get by as best one can

• employer les grands moyens to resort to drastic measures

• trouver le moyen de faire qch to find some means of doing sth

• il a trouvé le moyen de se perdre he managed to get lost

• adverbe de moyen adverb of means

• au moyen de by means of

► par tous les moyens by all possible means ; (même malhonnêtes) by fair means or foul

• j'ai essayé par tous les moyens de le convaincre I've done everything to try and convince him

   b. ► moyen de means of

• moyen d'action means of action

• moyen de communication means of communication

• moyen d'expression means of expression

• moyen de production means of production

• moyen de locomotion means of transport

• moyen de transport means of transport

• moyen de paiement means of payment

• moyen de pression means of applying pressure

• nous n'avons aucun moyen de pression sur lui we have no means of putting pressure on him

• est-ce qu'il y a moyen de lui parler ? is it possible to speak to him?

• pas moyen d'avoir une réponse claire ! there's no way you can get a clear answer!

2. plural masculine noun

moyens

   a. ( = capacités intellectuelles, physiques) ça lui a fait perdre tous ses moyens it left him completely at a loss

• il était en pleine possession de ses moyens his powers were at their peak ; [personne âgée] he was in full possession of his faculties

• par ses propres moyens [réussir] all by oneself

• ils ont dû rentrer par leurs propres moyens they had to make their own way home

   b. ( = ressources financières) means

• il a les moyens he can afford it

• c'est dans mes moyens I can afford it

• il vit au-dessus de ses moyens he lives beyond his means

• il n'a pas les moyens de s'acheter une voiture he can't afford to buy a car

• c'est au-dessus de ses moyens he can't afford it

* * *

- enne mwajɛ̃, ɛn adjectif

1) (intermédiaire en dimension, poids) [taille, épaisseur] medium; [ville, entreprise, légume] medium-sized; [fil] of medium thickness; [prix] moderate

2) ( passable) [élève, résultat] average (en in)

3) ( dans une hiérarchie) [cadre, revenu] middle; [échelon] intermediate

4) ( ordinaire) average

5) (après évaluation, calcul) [taux, température] average, mean

6) ( de compromis) [solution, position] middle-of-the-road

nom masculin

1) ( façon de procéder) means (sg) ( de faire of doing), way ( de faire of doing)

2) (d'action, expression, de production) means; (d'investigation, de paiement) method

3) ( possibilité) way

au moyen de locution prépositive by means of, by using

par le moyen de locution prépositive by means of, through

moyens nom masculin pluriel

1) ( financiers) means

2) ( matériels) resources

3) ( intellectuels) ability

•

- moyen de locomotion or transport

- moyen métrage

- Moyen Âge

- Moyen Empire

* * *

1. adj

1) (taux, niveau, coût) average

2) (lecteur, usager) average

3) (= ni bon ni mauvais) (personne, prestation) average

4) (= ni petit ni grand) (tailles, prix) medium

5) (socialement parlant) middle

2. nm

(= façon) way, means sg

3. moyens nmpl

1) (= méthodes) means

2) (financiers) means

3) (humains, matériels) resources

4) (= intellectuels ou physiques) ability

* * *

moyen, - enne

A adj

1 (intermédiaire en dimension, poids) [stature, taille, épaisseur, surface] medium; [ville, entreprise, légume] medium-sized; [fil] of medium thickness; ma chambre est de grandeur moyenne my room is medium-sized; de moyenne portée medium-range; de moyen calibre of medium calibre^GB ( après n); le cours moyen d'un fleuve Géog the middle reaches of a river;

2 ( passable) average (en in); tes résultats sont assez moyens your results are fairly average; un élève très moyen a very average pupil; ‘comment était le repas/l'hôtel?’-‘moyen’ ‘how was the meal/the hotel?’-‘so-so’;

3 ( dans une hiérarchie) [cadre, revenu] middle; [échelon] intermediate; les salaires moyens ( personnes) people on middle incomes;

4 ( ordinaire) [citoyen, spectateur, utilisateur, lecteur] average; le Français moyen the average Frenchman;

5 (après évaluation, calcul) [nombre, taux, revenu, température] average, mean;

6 ( de compromis) [solution, position] middle-of-the-road; ils pratiquent des prix moyens their prices are reasonable;

7 Ling voyelle moyenne mid-vowel.

B nm

1 ( façon de procéder) means (sg) (de faire of doing), way (de faire of doing); c'est le moyen le plus sûr/le moins coûteux it's the most reliable/the least expensive means ou way; c'est un moyen comme un autre it's as good a way as any; par tous les moyens by every possible means; par n'importe quel moyen by hook or by crook○; empêcher qn de faire qch par tous les moyens to stop sb from doing sth by fair means or foul; consolider son autorité par tous les moyens to use every possible means to consolidate one's authority; tous les moyens sont bons any means will do; tous les moyens leur sont bons they'll stop at nothing; pour lui tous les moyens sont bons pour gagner de l'argent there's nothing he wouldn't do to make money; tous les moyens lui sont bons pour ne pas travailler he'll/she'll do anything not to work; employer les grands moyens to resort to drastic measures;

2 (d'action, expression, de production) means; (d'investigation, de paiement) method; moyen de communication means of communication;

3 ( possibilité) way; il y a moyen de faire there's a way of doing; il y a moyen de s'en sortir there's a way out; n'y avait-il pas moyen de faire autrement? was there no other way to go about it?; (il n'y a) pas moyen d'être tranquille ici there's no peace around here; (il n'y a) pas moyen de lui faire comprendre qu'il a tort it's impossible to make him realize he's wrong; lui faire admettre qu'il a tort? pas moyen! make him admit he's wrong? no chance!;

4 Ling complément de moyen adverbial phrase of means.

C au moyen de loc prép (d'une action, d'un référendum) by means of; ( d'un objet) by means of, by using.

D par le moyen de loc prép by means of, through.

E moyens nmpl

1 ( ressources financières) means; manquer de moyens to lack the resources (pour faire to do); faute de moyens through lack of money; vivre au-dessus de ses moyens to live beyond one's means; je n'ai pas les moyens de faire I can't afford to do; mes moyens ne me permettent pas de partir en vacances I can't afford to take a vacation; avoir de petits/grands moyens not to be/to be very well off; avoir les moyens○ to be well off;

2 ( soutien matériel) resources; la ville a mis d'énormes moyens à notre disposition the town put vast resources at our disposal; je n'ai ni le temps ni les moyens de taper ce texte I have neither the time nor the equipment to type this text; se donner les moyens de son efficacité to take the necessary steps to achieve efficiency; donner à qn les moyens de faire to give sb the means to do; j'ai dû y aller par mes propres moyens I had to go (there) under my own steam○, I had to make my own way there; se débrouiller par ses propres moyens to manage on one's own;

3 ( compétences) ability; cet élève a les moyens de réussir this pupil has the ability to succeed ou do well; il a de petits moyens he has limited ability; être au-dessus des moyens de qn to be beyond sb's abilities ou capabilities; être en possession de tous ses moyens ( intellectuellement) to be at the height of one's powers; ( physiquement) to be at the peak of one's strength; ne plus avoir tous ses moyens to be no longer in full possession of one's faculties; perdre ses moyens to go to pieces.

F moyenne nf

1 ( norme) average; être plus riche que la moyenne to be better off than the average; il est plus grand que la moyenne des hommes he is taller than the average man; être inférieur/supérieur à la moyenne to be below/above (the) average; être au-dessous/au-dessus de la moyenne to be below/above average; être dans la moyenne to be average; des résultats extrêmement faibles par rapport à la moyenne européenne extremely poor results against ou compared to the European average;

2 Scol ( moitié de la note maximale) half marks GB, 50%; j'ai eu tout juste la moyenne ( à un examen) I barely passed; ( à un devoir) I just got half marks GB, I just got 50%;

3 ( après calcul) average; la moyenne d'âge the average age; calculer une moyenne to work out an average; en moyenne on average;

4 ( vitesse) average speed; faire une moyenne de 30 km/h to do an average speed of ou to average 30 kph.

moyen français Ling Middle French; moyen de locomotion = moyen de transport; moyen métrage Cin medium-length film; moyen de trésorerie financial means; moyen de transport means of transport GB ou transportation US; moyenne arithmétique Math arithmetic mean; moyenne géométrique Math geometric mean; moyenne harmonique Math harmonic mean; Moyen Âge Middle Ages (pl); le bas/haut Moyen Âge the late/early Middle Ages; Moyen Empire Middle Kingdom.

la fin justifie les moyens the end justifies the means; qui veut la fin veut les moyens Prov he who wills the end wills the means Prov.

( féminin moyenne) [mwajɛ̃, ɛn] adjectif

1. [intermédiaire - selon des mesures] medium (avant nom), average ; [ - selon une évaluation] medium

a. PHILOSOPHIE middle term

b. [solution] compromise, middle course

2. [prix, taille, consommation, distance] average

[température] average, mean

[aptitudes, niveau, service] average

3. [ordinaire]

4. LINGUISTIQUE [voyelle] middle

[mwajɛ̃] nom masculin

1. [méthode] way

2. [pour intensifier]

3. GRAMMAIRE

adverbe de moyen adverb of means

————————

moyens nom masculin pluriel

[financiers] means

[intellectuels, physiques]

je suis venu par mes propres moyens I made my own way here

————————

au moyen de locution prépositionnelle

by means of, with

————————

par tous les moyens locution adverbiale

[même immoraux] by fair means or foul

j'ai essayé par tous les moyens I've tried everything

λόγος, ου, ὁ (verbal noun of λέγω in the sense ‘pick’; Hom.+).

① a communication whereby the mind finds expression, word

ⓐ of utterance, chiefly oral.

α. as expression, word (oratorical ability plus exceptional performance were distinguishing marks in Hellenic society, hence the frequent association of λ. and ἔργον ‘deed’; a sim. formulation as early as Il. 9, 443 μύθων τε ῥητῆρʼ ἔμεναι πρηκτῆρά τε ἔργων; Polystrat. p. 33 μὴ λόγῳ μόνον ἀλλʼ ἔργω; Just., A II, 4, 2 ἢ λόγῳ ἢ ἔργῳ and D. 35, 7 λόγον ἢ πρᾶξιν) δυνατὸς ἐν ἔργῳ κ. λόγῳ, i.e. an exceptional personage Lk 24:19; pl. of Moses Ac 7:22 (the contrast expressed w. a verb Choix 20, 6–8 ποιεῖ ἀγαθὸν ὄτι δύναται καὶ λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ of Apollordorus, a benefactor in Cyzicus, a flourishing city in Phrygia; sim. New Docs 7, 233, no. 10, 8f πολιτευόμενος … λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ; cp. IKourion 32, 8; without contrast Diod S 13, 101, 3 ἄνδρας λόγῳ δυνατούς; for sim. constructions using λέγω and πράσσω s. Danker, Benefactor 339–43). Cp. Ro 15:18; 2 Cor 10:11; Col 3:17; 2 Th 2:17; Hb 13:21 v.l.; 1J 3:18 (cp. Theognis 1, 87f Diehl³ μή μʼ ἔπεσιν μὲν στέργε κτλ.—For the contrast λόγῳ … ἀληθείᾳ cp. Diod S 13, 4, 1). In contrast to a sinful deed we also have the λόγος ἁμαρτίας sinful word Judaicon 172, 9. W. γνῶσις: ἐν παντὶ λόγῳ κ. πάσῃ γνώσει 1 Cor 1:5. ἰδιώτης τῷ λόγῳ, ἀλλʼ οὐ τῇ γνώσει 2 Cor 11:6. (Opp. δύναμις ‘revelation of power’) 1 Cor 4:19, 20. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον οὐκ ἐγενήθη ἐν λόγῳ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν δυνάμει 1 Th 1:5 (cp. Ar. 13, 7 of mythical accounts οὐδέν εἰσιν εἰ μὴ μόνον λόγοι ‘they’re nothing but words’). W. ἐπιστολή: 2 Th 2:2, 15. W. ἀναστροφή: 1 Ti 4:12; 1 Pt 3:1b. Opp. ‘be silent’: IRo 2:1.—μόνον εἰπὲ λόγῳ just say the word Mt 8:8; cp. Lk 7:7 (Ath. 17, 1 ὡς λόγῳ εἰπεῖν; 29, 2; Phalaris, Ep. 121, 1 λόγῳ λέγειν; cp. schol. on Pla. 341a ἐν λόγῳ μόνον εἰπεῖν). οὐδεὶς ἐδύνατο ἀποκριθῆναι αὐτῷ λόγον no one was able to answer him a (single) word Mt 22:46; cp. 15:23 (cp. TestAbr A 16 p. 98, 11 [Stone p. 44] οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ λόγον).— The (mighty) word (of one who performs miracles) ἐξέβαλεν τὰ πνεύματα λόγῳ Mt 8:16 (a rare use of λ. as ‘single utterance’, s. L-S-J-M s.v. VII).—διὰ λόγου by word of mouth (opp. ‘by letter’) Ac 15:27.—In the textually uncertain pass. Ac 20:24 the text as it stands in N., οὐδενὸς λόγου (v.l. λόγον) ποιοῦμαι τὴν ψυχὴν τιμίαν, may well mean: I do not consider my life worth a single word (cp. λόγου ἄξιον [ἄξιος 1a] and our ‘worth mention’; s. Conzelmann ad loc.).

β. The expression may take on a variety of formulations or topical nuances: what you say Mt 5:37; statement (PGM 4, 334) Lk 20:20; question (Sext. Emp., Math. 8, 295; 9, 133; Diog. L. 2, 116) ἐρωτήσω ὑμᾶς λόγον I will ask you a question (cp. TestJob 36:5; GrBar 5:1; ApcSed 13:6; Jos., Ant. 12, 99) Mt 21:24; cp. Mk 11:29; Lk 20:3; prayer (PGM 1, 25; 4, 90; 179; 230 al.; 5, 180; 196 al.) Mt 26:44; Mk 14:39. ἡγούμενος τοῦ λ. principal speaker Ac 14:12. W. epexeget. gen. λ. παρακλήσεως 13:15. W. κήρυγμα our manner of presentation and our proclamation 1 Cor 2:4a (but s. comm.). (W. διδασκαλία) preaching 1 Ti 5:17; prophecy (Biogr. p. 364 [Pythia]) J 2:22; 18:32. Command (Aeschyl., Pers. 363) Lk 4:36; 2 Pt 3:5, 7; via a letter 2 Th 3:14. Report, story (X., An. 1, 4, 7; Diod S 3, 40, 9; 19, 110, 1 λ. διαδιδόναι=spread a report; Appian, Iber. 80 §346, Maced. 4 §1 [both=rumor]; Diod S 32, 15, 3 ἦλθεν ὁ λ. ἐπί τινα=the report came to someone; Arrian, Anab. 7, 22, 1 λόγος λέγεται τοιόσδε=a story is told like this, Ind. 9, 2; Diod S 3, 18, 3 λ.=story, account; Jos., Ant. 19, 132; Tat. 27, 2 τοῦ καθʼ Ἡρακλέα λόγου) Mt 28:15; Mk 1:45; Lk 5:15 (λ. περί τινος as X., An. 6, 6, 13; Jos., Ant. 19, 127) 7:17; J 21:23. ἠκούσθη ὁ λόγος εἰς τὰ ὦτα τ. ἐκκλησίας the report came to the ears of the assembly in Jerusalem Ac 11:22. λόγον ἔχειν σοφίας have the appearance of wisdom, pass for wisdom Col 2:23 (cp. Pla., Epinomis 987b ἔχει λόγον; Demosth., C. Lept. 462 [20, 18] λόγον τινʼ ἔχον; but mng. 2f is possible). Proverb (Pla., Phdr. 17, 240c, Symp. 18, 195b, Gorg. 54, 499c, Leg. 6, 5, 757a; Socrat., Ep. 22, 1) J 4:37 (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 13, 7 ἀληθῶς ἐν τούτῳ ὁ λ. foll. by a proverb). Proclamation, instruction, teaching, message Lk 4:32; 10:39; J 4:41; 17:20; Ac 2:41; 4:4; 10:44; 20:7; 1 Cor 1:17; 2:1. In Ac18:15 ζητήματα περὶ λόγου καὶ ὀνομάτων καὶ νόμου the sense appears to be someth. like this: controversial issues involving disputes about words and your way of life with λ. prob. referring to the presentation of controversial subjects, which in turn arouses heated ζητήματα debates. λόγος σοφίας proclamation of wisdom, speaking wisely 1 Cor 12:8a (Ps.-Phoc. 129 τῆς θεοπνεύστου σοφίης λ.); corresp. λ. γνώσεως vs. 8b. Cp. 14:9; 15:2; 2 Cor 1:18; 6:7; 10:10. λ. μαρτυρίας word of witness Rv 12:11. ὁ κατὰ τ. διδαχὴν πιστὸς λ. the message of faith, corresponding to the teaching Tit 1:9; the opp. 2 Ti 2:17. A speech (Aristot. p. 14b, 2; Diod S 40, 5a) διὰ λόγου πολλοῦ in a long speech Ac 15:32; cp. 20:2. λ. κολακείας flattering speech 1 Th 2:5. Speaking gener. 2 Cor 8:7; Eph 6:19; Col 4:6; D 2:5. ἐν λόγῳ πταίειν make a mistake in what one says Js 3:2.—Of God’s word, command, commission (LXX; ParJer 5:19 κατηχῆσαι αὐτοὺς τὸν λόγον; SyrBar 13:2; ApcSed 14:10; Just., D. 84, 2; Ael. Aristid. hears a ἱερὸς λ. at night fr. a god: 28, 116 K.=49, p. 529 D.; Sextus 24) ἠκυρώσατε τ. λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 15:6 (v.l. νόμον, ἐντολήν); cp. Mk 7:13.—J 5:38; 8:55; 10:35; Ro 3:4 (Ps 50:6). Of God’s promise Ro 9:6, 9 (but these two vss., and Gal 5:14 below, prob. fit better under 2a), 28 (Is 10:22f). Cp. Hb 2:2; 4:2 (s. ἀκοή 4b); 7:28; 12:19. For B 15:1 see 1aδ. The whole law (as the expr. εἴ τι ἑτέρα ἐντολή indicates not limited to a narrow list of commandments), acc. to Ro 13:9. In what is prob. a play on words (s. 2a and b), Gal 5:14 (s. 2a below) is summed up in the λόγος as expressed in Lev 19:18.—That which God has created ἁγιάζεται διὰ λόγου θεοῦ 1 Ti 4:5; in line w. the context, this hardly refers to God’s creative word (so SibOr 3, 20; PtK 2; πάντα γὰρ λόγῳ ποιήσας ὁ θεός Theoph. Ant. 2, 18 [144, 8]), but to table prayers which use biblical expressions. The divine word as judge of thoughts Hb 4:12. τελεσθήσονται οἱ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 17:17; cp. 19:9.—Of the divine revelation through Christ and his messengers (Just., A I, 61, 9 λόγον … παρὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἐμάθομεν τοῦτον) θεὸς ἐφανέρωσεν τὸν λ. αὐτοῦ ἐν κηρύγματι Tit 1:3. δέδωκα αὐτοῖς τὸν λ. σου J 17:14; cp. vss. 6, 17; 1J 1:10; 2:14. ἵνα μὴ ὁ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ βλασφημῆται Tit 2:5. The apostles and other preachers, w. ref. to the λόγος of God, are said to: λαλεῖν Ac 4:29, 31; 13:46; Phil 1:14; Hb 13:7; καταγγέλλειν Ac 13:5; 17:13; διδάσκειν 18:11; μαρτυρεῖν Rv 1:2. Of their hearers it is said: τὸν λ. τοῦ θεοῦ ἀκούειν Ac 13:7; δέχεσθαι 8:14; 11:1. Of the λ. τοῦ θεοῦ itself we read: ηὔξανεν Ac 6:7; 12:24; 19:20; οὐ δέδεται 2 Ti 2:9. In these places and many others ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ is simply the Christian message, the gospel: Lk 5:1; 8:11, 21; 11:28 (Simplicius in Epict. p. 1, 20 μὴ μόνον ἀκουόντων ἀλλὰ πασχόντων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων=let the message have its effect on oneself); Ac 6:2 (s. καταλείπω 7c; for prob. commercial metaph. s. 2a below); 13:44 v.l. (for κυρίου); 16:32 v.l.; 1 Cor 14:36; 2 Cor 2:17; 4:2; Col 1:25; 1 Pt 1:23; Rv 1:9; 6:9; 20:4; IPhld 11:1. Cp. 1 Th 2:13ab; 1J 2:5.—Since this ‘divine word’ is brought to humanity through Christ, his word can be used in the same sense: ὁ λόγος μου J 5:24; cp. 8:31, 37, 43, 51f; 12:48; 14:23f; 15:3, 20b; Rv 3:8. ὁ λόγος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Col 3:16; cp. Hb 6:1. ὁ λ. τοῦ κυρίου Ac 8:25; 12:24 v.l.; 13:44, 48f; 14:25 v.l.; 15:35, 36; 16:32 (cp. λ. θεοῦ); 19:10; 1 Th 1:8; 2 Th 3:1. Pl. Mk 8:38 (Lk 9:26); 1 Ti 6:3; cp. Lk 24:44; s. also 1aδ.—Or it is called simply ὁ λόγος=the ‘Word’, for no misunderstanding would be possible among Christians: Mt 13:20–23; Mk 2:2; 4:14–20, 33; 8:32 (s. 1aε below); 16:20; Lk 1:2; 8:12f, 15; Ac 6:4; 8:4; 10:36 (on the syntax s. FNeirynck, ETL 60, ’84, 118–23); 11:19; 14:25 (cp. λ. κυρίου above); 16:6; 17:11; 18:5; Gal 6:6; Phil 1:14; Col 4:3; 1 Th 1:6; 2 Ti 4:2; Js 1:21ff; 1 Pt 2:8; 3:1; 1J 2:7; AcPl Ha 7, 6 (so also Mel., HE 4, 26, 13; Ath. 2, 3).—Somet. the ‘Word’ is more closely defined by a gen.: ὁ λ. τῆς βασιλείας the word of the reign/rule (of God) Mt 13:19. τῆς σωτηρίας Ac 13:26. τῆς καταλλαγῆς 2 Cor 5:19. τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 Cor 1:18. δικαιοσύνης (q.v. 3a) Hb 5:13. ζωῆς Phil 2:16. (τῆς) ἀληθείας (Theoph. Ant. 3, 4 [p. 212, 2]; cp. περὶ ἀληθείας Hippol., Ref. 10, 6, 1) Eph 1:13; Col 1:5; 2 Ti 2:15; Js 1:18; AcPl Ha 8, 8 (Just., D. 121, 2). τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ κυρίου) Ac 14:3; 20:32. (Differently the pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. χάριτος gracious words Lk 4:22; cp. Marcellinus, Vi. Thu. 57 Hude λόγοι εἰρωνείας.) ὁ λ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ac 15:7; ὁ τοῦ Χριστιανισμοῦ λ. MPol 10:1. In Rv 3:10 the gospel is described by the ‘One who has the key of David’ as ὁ λ. τῆς ὑπομονῆς μου my word of endurance (W-S. §30, 12c). λ. τῶν ὑ[πο]μονῶν AcPl Ha 6, 11. παρελάβετε τὸν λ. ὅτι AcPl Ha 8, 25.—The pastoral letters favor the expr. πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (sc. ἐστίν, and s. πιστός 1b) 1 Ti 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; 2 Ti 2:11; Tit 3:8; cp. Rv 21:5; 22:6. λ. ὑγιής sound preaching Tit 2:8; cp. the pl. ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι 2 Ti 1:13 (on medicinal use of words for the mind or soul s. VLeinieks, The City of Dionysos ’96, 115–22, on Eur.).—The pl. is also used gener. of Christian teachings, the words of the gospel Lk 1:4 (s. κατηχέω 2a); 1 Th 4:18. οἱ λ. τῆς πίστεως 1 Ti 4:6. On λόγοι κυριακοί for λόγια κυριακά in the title of the Papias document s. ἐξήγησις 2.—JSchniewind, Die Begriffe Wort und Evangelium bei Pls, diss. Bonn 1910; RAsting (εὐαγγέλιον, end).

γ. of an individual declaration or remark: assertion, declaration, speech ἀκούσαντες τὸν λ. when they heard the statement Mt 15:12; cp. 19:11, 22; 22:15; Mk 5:36. διὰ τοῦτον τὸν λ. because of this statement of yours 7:29 (TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 29 [Stone p. 38] τὸν λ. τοῦτον; ApcMos 25 εἰς τὸν λόγον σου κρινῶ σε). Cp. 10:22; 12:13; Lk 1:29; 22:61 v.l. (for ῥήματος); J 4:39, 50; 6:60; 7:36, 40 v.l.; 15:20a; 18:9; 19:8; Ac 6:5; 7:29; 20:38; 22:22; 1 Th 4:15. ὸ̔ς ἐὰν εἴπῃ λόγον κατὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου whoever utters a (defamatory) word against the Son of Humanity Mt 12:32 (λ. εἰπεῖν κατά τινος as Jos., Ant. 15, 81); cp. Lk 12:10. λόγος σαπρός unwholesome talk Eph 4:29. λόγον ποιεῖσθαι make a speech Ac 11:2 D (cp. Hyperid. 3, 20; Jos., Ant. 11, 86).

δ. the pl. (οἱ) λόγοι is used, on the one hand, of words uttered on various occasions, of speeches or instruction given here and there by humans or transcendent beings (TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 19 [Stone p. 36]; Jos., Ant. 4, 264; Just., D. 100, 3) ἐκ τῶν λόγων σου δικαιωθήσῃ (καταδικασθήσῃ) Mt 12:37ab; 24:35; Mk 13:31; Lk 21:33; Ac 2:40; 7:22 (ἐν λόγοις καὶ ἔργοις αὐτοῦ. On the word-deed pair cp. Dio Chrys. 4, 6 the λόγοι and ἔργα of Diogenes; s. α above). οἱ δέκα λόγοι the ten commandments (Ex 34:28; Dt 10:4; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 168, Decal. 32; Jos., Ant. 3, 138; cp. 91f; Did., Gen. 36, 10) B 15:1. Ac 15:24; 20:35; 1 Cor 2:4b, 13; 14:19ab; κενοὶ λ. Eph 5:6; AcPl Ox 6, 13 (cp. Aa 1, 241, 14); Dg 8:2; πλαστοὶ λ. 2 Pt 2:3. λ. πονηροί 3J 10.—Also of words and exprs. that form a unity, whether it be connected discourse (Jos., Ant. 15, 126; Just., A II, 12, 6, D. 11, 5; 81, 3 al.), a conversation, or parts of one and the same teaching, or expositions on the same subject (Diod S 16, 2, 3 μετέσχε τῶν Πυθαγορίων λόγων; Dio Chrys. 37 [54], 1; Ael. Aristid. 50, 55 K.=26 p. 519 D.: οἱ Πλάτωνος λόγοι; PsSol 17:43 [words of the Messiah]; AscIs 3:12 οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Βελχειρά) πᾶς ὅστις ἀκούει μου τοὺς λόγους τούτους Mt 7:24; cp. vss. 26, 28; 10:14; 19:1; 26:1; Mk 10:24; Lk 1:20; 6:47; 9:28, 44. ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν ἐν λόγοις ἱκανοῖς he questioned him at some length 23:9. τίνες οἱ λ. οὗτοι οὓς ἀντιβάλλετε; what is this conversation that you are holding? 24:17; J 7:40 (s. γ); 10:19; J 14:24a; 19:13; Ac 2:22; 5:5, 24; 16:36; 2 Ti 4:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 46:7. λόγοις φθοριμαίοις AcPlCor 1:2.

ε. the subject under discussion, matter, thing gener. (Theognis 1055 Diehl; Hdt. 8, 65 μηδενὶ ἄλλῳ τὸν λόγον τοῦτον εἴπῃς. Cp. Hebr. דָּבָר) τὸν λ. ἐκράτησαν they took up the subject Mk 9:10; cp. Mt. 21:24 (s. 1aβ beg.). οὐκ ἔστιν σοι μερὶς ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ you have no share in this matter Ac 8:21. ἰδεῖν περὶ τ. λόγου τούτου look into this matter 15:6. ἔχειν πρός τινα λόγον have a complaint against someone (cp. Demosth. 35, 55 ἐμοὶ πρὸς τούτους ὁ λόγος; PIand 16, 3 δίκαιον λόγον ἔχει πρὸς σέ) 19:38. παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (2d is also prob.).—Perh. also Mk 8:32 he discussed the subject quite freely (but s. 1aβ above).

ⓑ of literary or oratorical productions: of the separate books of a work (Hdt. 5, 36 ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τ. λόγων; Pla., Parmen. 2, 127d ὁ πρῶτος λόγος; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 1 ὁ μὲν πρότερος λόγος ἦν ἡμῖν, ὦ Θεόδοτε, περὶ τοῦ …) treatise Ac 1:1 (s. on the prologue to Ac: AHilgenfeld, ZWT 41, 1898, 619ff; AGercke, Her 29, 1894, 373ff; RLaqueur, Her 46, 1911, 161ff; Norden, Agn. Th. 311ff; JCreed, JTS 35, ’34, 176–82; Goodsp., Probs. 119–21). Παπίας … πέντε λόγους κυριακῶν λογίων ἔγραψεν Papias (11:1; cp. 3:1 e; 11:2; 12:2).—περὶ οὗ πολὺς ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος about this we have much to say Hb 5:11. Hb is described as ὁ λ. τῆς παρακλήσεως a word of exhortation (in literary form) 13:22. Of writings that are part of Holy Scripture ὁ λ. Ἠσαί̈ου J 12:38. ὁ λ. ὁ ἐν τῷ νόμῳ γεγραμμένος 15:25; ὁ προφητικὸς λ. 2 Pt 1:19; 2 Cl 11:2 (quot. of unknown orig.); AcPl Ha 8, 27/BMM recto 35 (Just., D. 77, 2 al.). ὁ ἅγιος λ. the holy word 1 Cl 56:3. ὁ λ. ὁ γεγραμμένος 1 Cor 15:54 (Is 25:8 and Hos 13:14 follow). Pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. προφητῶν Ac 15:15. ὡς γέγραπται ἐν βίβλῳ λόγων Ἠσαί̈ου Lk 3:4 (Pla., 7th Epistle 335a πείθεσθαι ἀεὶ χρὴ τοῖς παλαιοῖς καὶ ἱεροῖς λόγοις; TestJob 1:1 βίβλος λόγων Ἰώβ; ParJer 9:32 v.l. τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ἱερεμίου; ApcEsdr 1:1 καὶ ἀποκάλυψις τοῦ … Ἐσδράμ; ApcSed prol.; Just., D. 72, 3f).—Of the content of Rv: ὁ ἀναγινώσκων τ. λόγους τῆς προφητείας 1:3. οἱ λόγοι (τ. προφητείας) τ. βιβλίου τούτου 22:7, 9f, 18f.

② computation, reckoning

ⓐ a formal accounting, esp. of one’s actions, and freq. with fig. extension of commercial terminology account, accounts, reckoning λόγον δοῦναι (Hdt. 8, 100; X., Cyr. 1, 4, 3; Diod S 3, 46, 4; SIG 1099, 16; BGU 164, 21; Jos., Ant. 16, 120; Just., D. 115, 6) give account, make an accounting ἕκαστος περὶ ἑαυτοῦ λόγον δώσει τ. θεῷ Ro 14:12. Also λ. ἀποδοῦναι abs. (Just., D. 116, 1 al.; Diod S 16, 56, 4; 19, 9, 4) Hb 13:17. τινί to someone (Diod S 16, 27, 4; Plut., Alcib. 7, 3; Chariton 7, 6, 2; SIG 631, 13 τᾷ πόλει; 2 Ch 34:28; Da 6:3 Theod.; Jos., Bell. 1, 209) τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι 1 Pt 4:5. τινὸς of someth. (SIG 1044, 46; 1105, 10 τοῦ ἀναλώματος; Jos., Ant. 19, 307) Lk 16:2 (here λ. w. the art.; on the subject of undergoing an audit cp. Aeschin. 3, 22). Likew. περί τινος (Diod S 18, 60, 2 δοὺς αὑτῷ περὶ τούτων λόγον=taking account [considering] with himself; BGU 98, 25 περὶ τούτου) Mt 12:36; Ac 19:40. ὑπέρ τινος concerning someone Hv 3, 9, 10.—αἰτεῖν τινα λόγον περί τινος call someone to account for someth. 1 Pt 3:15 (cp. Pla., Pol. 285e; Dio Chrys. 20 [37], 30; Apc4Esdr Fgm. b ἕκαστος ὑπὸ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔργου τὸν λόγον ἀπαιτηθήσεται; Just., A I, 17, 4. For another perspective s. d below.).—Of banking responsibility ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (PStras 72, 10 [III A.D.] ὁ τῶν θεῶν λ.; PHerm 108 [III A.D.] λ. τοῦ Σαραπείου) in wordplay Ac 6:2 (w. τράπεζα q.v. 1c); s. also 1aβ.—Of a ledger heading (POxy 1333 [II/III A.D.] δὸς αὐτῳ λόγῳ θεωρικῶν=credit him under ‘festivals’; for others s. Preisig., Wörterbuch s.v. λ. 14; s. also Fachwörter 119) Ro 9:6 (the point is that God’s ‘list’ of Israelites is accurate; on ἐκπίπτω in the sense ‘is not deficient’ s. s.v. 4); vs. 9 (the ‘count’ is subsumed by metonymy in divine promise); Gal 5:14 (all moral obligations come under one ‘entry’: ‘you shall love your neighbor as yourself’; for commercial association of ἀναλίσκω vs. 15, which rounds out the wordplay, s. s.v.). The contexts of these three passages suggest strong probability for commercial associations; for another view s. 1aβ.

ⓑ settlement (of an account) (εἰς λόγον commercial t.t. ‘in settlement of an account’ POxy 275, 19; 21) εἰς λόγον δόσεως κ. λήμψεως in settlement of a mutual account (lit., ‘of giving and receiving’, ‘of debit and credit’) Phil 4:15 (cp. Plut., Mor. 11b λόγον δοῦναι καὶ λαβεῖν; a parallel formulation POxy 1134,10 [421 A.D.] λ. λήμματος καὶ ἐξοδιασμοῦ=ledger of income and expenditures); for the linked accounting terms δόσις and λήμψις s. PCairMasp 151, 208 [VI A.D.]. The same ideas are in the background of εἰς λόγον ὑμῶν credited to your account vs 17.—συναίρειν λόγον settle accounts (BGU 775, 18f. The mid. in the same mng. PFay109, 6 [I A.D.]; POxy 113, 27f.—Dssm., LO 94 [LAE 118f]) μετά τινος Mt 18:23; 25:19.

ⓒ reflection, respect, regard εἰς λόγον τινός with regard to, for the sake of (Thu. 3, 46, 4; Demosth. 19, 142 εἰς ἀρετῆς λόγον; Polyb. 11, 28, 8; Ath. 31, 1; Ael. Aristid. 39 p. 743 D.: εἰς δεινότητος λ.) εἰς λ. τιμῆς IPhld 11:2. εἰς λ. θεοῦ ISm 10:1.

ⓓ reason for or cause of someth., reason, ground, motive (Just., D. 94, 3 δότε μοι λόγον, ὅτου χάριν … ; Ath. 30, 3 τὶς γὰρ … λόγος; Dio Chrys. 64 [14], 18 ἐκ τούτου τ. λόγου; Appian, Hann. 29 §126 τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 28, 155) τίνι λόγω; for what reason? Ac 10:29 (cp. Pla., Gorg. 512c τίνι δικαίῳ λ.; Appian, Mithrid. 57 §232 τίνι λόγῳ;). λόγον περὶ τῆς ἐν ὑμῖν ἐλπίδος 1 Pt 3:15 (but s. a above); κατὰ λόγον Ac 18:14 (s. κατά B 5bβ). παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (though 1aε is also poss.).

ⓔ πρὸς ὸ̔ν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος (ἐστίν) with whom we have to do (i.e. to reckon) (Dio Chrys. 31, 123; other exx. in FBleek, Hb II/1, 1836, 590ff), in his capacity as judge (Libanius, Legat. Ulixis [=Declamatio IV] 2 F. τοῖς δὲ ἀδίκως ἀποκτενοῦσι καὶ πρὸς θεοὺς καὶ πρὸς ἀνθρώπους ὁ λόγος γίγνεται) Hb 4:13. οὐ πρὸς σάρκα ὁ λόγος, ἀλλὰ πρὸς θεόν he has to do not with flesh, but with God IMg 3:2.

ⓕ In Col 2:23 (s. 1aβ) λόγον μὲν ἔχοντα σοφίας may= make a case for wisdom (cp. λόγος ἡμῖν οὐδείς Plut., Mor. 870b).

③ the independent personified expression of God, the Logos. Our lit. shows traces of a way of thinking that was widespread in contemporary syncretism, as well as in Jewish wisdom lit. and Philo, the most prominent feature of which is the concept of the Logos, the independent, personified ‘Word’ (of God): GJs 11:2 (word of the angel to Mary) συνλήμψῃ ἐκ Λόγου αὐτοῦ (sc. τοῦ πάντων Δεσπότου). J 1:1abc, 14 (cp. Just., A I, 23, 2; Mel., P. 9, 61 and oft. by all apolog., exc.. Ar.). It is the distinctive teaching of the Fourth Gospel that this divine ‘Word’ took on human form in a historical person, that is, in Jesus (s. RSeeberg, Festgabe für AvHarnack ’21, 263–81.—Λόγος w. ζωή in gnostic speculation: Iren.1, 1, 1 [Harv. 1, 10, 4]; Aelian, VH 4, 20 ἐκάλουν τὸν Πρωταγόραν Λόγον. Similarly Favorinus [II A.D.]: Vorsokr. 80 A 1 ln. 22 [in Diog. L. 9, 50] of Democritus: ἐκαλεῖτο Σοφία. Equating a divinity with an abstraction that she personifies: Artem. 5, 18 φρόνησις εἶναι νομίζεται ἡ θεός [Athena]). Cp. 1J 1:1; Rv 19:13. εἷς θεός ἐστιν, ὁ φανερώσας ἑαυτὸν διὰ Ἰ. Χριστοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν αὐτοῦ λόγος, ἀπὸ σιγῆς προελθών there is one God, who has revealed himself through Jesus Christ his Son, who is his ‘Word’ proceeding from silence (i.e., without an oral pronouncement: in a transcendent manner) IMg 8:2 (s. σιγή). The Lord as νόμος κ. λόγος PtK 1. Cp. Dg 11:2, 3, 7, 8; 12:9.—HClavier, TManson memorial vol., ’59, 81–93: the Alexandrian eternal λόγος is also implied in Hb 4:12; 13:7.—S. also the ‘Comma Johanneum’ (to the bibliography in RGG³ I, ’54 [HGreeven] add AJülicher, GGA 1905, 930–35; AvHarnack, SBBerlAk 1915, 572f [=Studien I ’31, 151f]; MMeinertz, Einl. in d. NT⁴ ’33, 309–11; AGreiff, TQ 114, ’33, 465–80; CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46; WThiele, ZNW 50, ’59, 61–73) ὁ πατήρ, ὁ λόγος καὶ τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα 1J 5:7 v.l. (s. N. app.; Borger, TRu 52, ’87, 57f). (Such interpolations were not unheard of. According to Diog. L. 1, 48 some people maintain that Solon inserted the verse mentioning the Athenians after Il. 2, 557.—τῆς τριάδος, τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ λόγου αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς σοφίας αὐτοῦ Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 19].)—On the Logos: EZeller, D. Philosophie der Griechen III 2⁴ 1903, 417–34; MHeinze, D. Lehre v. Logos in d. griech. Philosophie 1872; PWendland, Philo u. d. kynisch-stoische Diatribe (Beiträge z. Gesch. der griech. Philosophie u. Religion by Wendl. and OKern 1895, 1–75); AAall, Gesch. d. Logosidee 1896, 1899; MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48f, I 482; 490 (index); LDürr, D. Wertung des göttl. Wortes im AT u. im ant. Orient ’38 (§9 of the Joh. Logos); EBréhier, Les idées philosophiques et religieuses de Philon d’Alexandrie 1907, 83–111; (² ’25); JLebreton, Les théories du Logos au début de l’ère chrétienne 1907; ESchwartz, NGG 1908, 537–56; GVos, The Range of the Logos-Title in the Prologue of the Fourth Gospel: PTR 11, 1913, 365–419; 557–602; RHarris, The Origin of the Prologue to St. John’s Gospel 1917, Athena, Sophia and the Logos: BJRL 7, 1, 1922 p. 56–72; M-JLagrange, Vers le Logos de S. Jean: RB 32, 1923, 161–84, Le Logos de Philon: ibid. 321–71; HLeisegang, Logos: Pauly-W. XIII 1926, 1035–81; TGlasson, Heraclitus’ Alleged Logos Doctr., JTS 3, ’52, 231–38.—NWeinstein, Z. Genesis d. Agada 1901, 29–90; Billerb. II 302–33.—Rtzst., Zwei religionsgeschichtl. Fragen 1901, 47–132, Mysterienrel.³ 1927, 428 index; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 304ff; 316f; JKroll, D. Lehren d. Hermes Trismegistos1914, 418 index.—RBultmann, D. religionsgesch. Hintergrund des Prol. z. Joh.: HGunkel Festschr., 1923, II 1–26, Comm. ’41, 5ff; AAlexander, The Johannine Doctrine of the Logos: ET 36, 1925, 394–99; 467–72; (Rtzst. and) HSchaeder, Studien z. antiken Synkretismus 1926, 306–37; 350; GAvdBerghvanEysinga, In den beginne was de Logos: NThT 23, ’34, 105–23; JDillersberger, Das Wort von Logos ’35; RBury, The 4th Gosp. and the Logos-Doctrine ’40; EMay, CBQ 8, ’46, 438–47; GKnight, From Moses to Paul ’49, 120–29. TW IV 76–89; 126–40 (on this s. SLyonnet, Biblica 26, ’45, 126–31); CStange, ZST 21, ’50, 120–41; MBoismard, Le Prologue de St. Jean ’53; HLangkammer, BZ 9, ’65, 91–94; HRinggren, Word and Wisdom [hypostatization in Near East] ’47; WEltester, Haenchen Festschr., ’64, 109–34; HWeiss, Untersuchungen zur Kosmologie etc., TU 97, ’66, 216–82; MRissi, Die Logoslieder im Prolog des vierten Evangeliums, TZ 31, ’75, 321–36; HLausberg, NAWG, Ph. ’87, 1 pp. 1–7.—B. 1262. DELG s.v. λέγω B 1. M-M. EDNT. TW.

never, not for any reason, no matter what the circumstances

not on any account

• НИ ПОД КАКИМ ВИДОМ coll

[PrepP; Invar; adv; used with negated verbs; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ never, not for any reason, no matter what the circumstances:

- not on any account;

- on no account;

- not under any circumstances <condition(s), pretext;

- under no circumstances <condition(s), pretext (whatsoever);

- [in limited contexts] not for anyone < anything>.

     ♦ "Наташа! Ты можешь думать про меня всё, что хочешь. Считай меня, если хочешь, безумцем, но помни одно: когда вернёшься домой - не вздумай ходить в Гнездниковский. Такой переулок, возле площади Пушкина, улицы Горького. Не заглядывай туда ни под каким видом" (Терц 2). "Natasha! Think what you like about me, call me a madman if you like, but remember one thing: when you get back, keep away from Gnezdnikovsky. You know the street-near Pushkin Square and Gorki Street. Don't go there on any account..." (2a).

     ♦...Барин накрепко запирался сам с вечера каждую ночь вот уже всю неделю и даже Григорию ни под каким видом не позволял стучать к себе (Достоевский 1)....For the whole past week the master had been locking himself up securely in the evening, every night, and would not allow even Grigory to knock for him under any circumstances (1a).

     ♦...Швейцару дан был строжайший приказ не принимать ни в какое время и ни под каким видом Чичикова (Гоголь 3). The doorman was given the strictest orders not to admit Chichikov at any time nor under any pretext whatsoever (3c).

     ♦ [Коринкина:]...Не заводите никакого разговора о детях. [Незнамов:] О детях? Что такое? Почему? [Дудукин:] Ах, да, да, да! Ни под каким видом, господа, ни под каким видом! (Островский 3). [К.:]... Don't mention children... [N.:] Why not? Why shouldn't we? [D.:] Ah, yes, quite right. Under no circumstances, gentlemen; under no circumstances! (3a).

     ♦ Отказаться от частной практики старик не пожелал ни под каким видом... (Рыбаков 2). The old man wouldn't give up his private income for anyone (2a).

     ♦ Меня звала приятельница, хозяйка шумного однокомнатного дома, куда захаживал сам Агранов и его будущие жертвы. Днём Мандельштам иногда соглашался зайти на минутку в этот дом, но вечером ни под каким видом (Мандельштам 2). [context transl] I was invited out by a woman I knew, the mistress of a noisy one-room apartment frequented by none other than Agranov - and his future victims. M[andelstam] would sometimes agree to go there for a minute or two during the daytime, but nothing would have induced him to set foot in the place in the evening (2a).

to act in a fashion that guarantees success, rules out any possibility of failure

X бил наверняка - X followed (adopted) a surefire (foolproof) plan of action

• БИТЬ НАВЕРНЯКА coll

[VP; subj: human; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ to act in a fashion that guarantees success, rules out any possibility of failure:

- X бил наверняка≈ X followed (adopted) a surefire (foolproof) plan of action;

- X made sure he wouldn't fail (he'd get what he wanted etc);

- [in refer, to one's previously mentioned course of action] it was a sure thing ( bet);

- [in limited contexts] X went for the sure thing.

     ♦ Если вы хотите разоблачить Петрова, вам нужно бить наверняка: прежде всего соберите всё, что можно использовать как свидетельство, а потом уже действуйте. If you want to expose Petrov you'll have to follow a surefire plan of action: first of all, you've got to gather everything that can be used as evidence against him; then, you can make your move.

     ♦ Остап сразу же выяснил, что Провал для человека, лишённого предрассудков, может явиться доходной статьёй. "...Это, кажется, единственное место, куда пятигорцы пускают туристов без денег... Я исправлю досадное упущение". И Остап поступил так, как подсказывали ему разум, здоровый инстинкт и создавшаяся ситуация. Он остановился у входа в Провал и, трепля в руках квитанционную книжку, время от времени вскрикивал: "Приобретайте билеты, граждане! Десять копеек!.."Остап бил наверняка. Пятигорцы в Провал не ходили, а с советского туриста содрать десять копеек за вход "куда-то" не представляло ни малейшего труда (Ильф и Петров 1). Ostap had seen at once that for a man without prejudice the Drop could be a source of income. "...It seems to be the only place where the people of Pyatigorsk allow the sight-seers in free. I will...rectify the sad omission." And Ostap acted as his reason, instinct, and the situation in hand prompted. He stationed himself at the entrance to the Drop and, rustling the receipt book, called out from time to time. "Buy your tickets here, citizens. Ten kopeks..." It was a sure bet. The citizens of Pyatigorsk never went to the Drop, and to fleece the Soviet tourists ten kopeks to see "Something" was no great difficulty (1a).

• ВРЯД <НАВРЯД со//. ЕДВА> ЛИ

[Particle]

=====

⇒ it is dubious:

- it is doubtful <unlikely, hardly likely> (that...);

- probably (...) not;

- I doubt it;

- I doubt if < whether>...;

- [in limited contexts] hardly;

- scarcely.

     ♦... Едва ли и мать воочию видела то бескрайнее небо... (Обухова 1)....It is doubtful that even her mother had seen that endless sky... (1a).

     ♦ Мои пращуры любили сначала по праву брачной ночи, потом - за деньги. Едва ли кто-нибудь из них любил своих жен (Федин 1). My forefathers loved at first according to the droit de seigneur, then for money. It is unlikely that any of them loved their wives (1a).

     ♦ Не знаю, жив ли он сейчас. Вряд ли (Гинзбург 2). I don't know whether he's alive now. It's hardly likely (2a).

     ♦ "...В хозяйстве [твой отец] вряд ли смыслит, но он добряк" (Тургенев 2). "...It's hardly likely that he [your father] understands farming, but he is a good-natured man" (2d).

     ♦ "Ну как, сдадим к празднику объект?" - "Вряд ли" (Войнович 5). "So, how about it, we'll hand over the building by the holiday?" "I doubt it" (5a).

     ♦ [Грекова:] Вы так привыкли к разного рода резкостям, что мои слова едва ли будут вам в диковинку... (Чехов 1). [G.:] You're so used to all kinds of rudeness, I doubt if what I say will surprise you at all (1b).

     ♦ "Количество дохода определить нельзя. При нынешнем беспорядке едва ли вы получите больше трех тысяч..." (Гончаров 1). "It is impossible to tell you what your income amounts to. In the present rather confused state of affairs you will hardly receive more than three thousand..." (1a).

     ♦..."Видному лицу" такое высокомерие к новому любимчику вряд ли понравится (Аксенов 7). The Important Personage would scarcely countenance an overbearing attitude towards his new favorite (7a).

     ♦ "Выздоровеет? Можно надеяться?" - "Едва ли. Умрет девочка..." (Шолохов 2). [context transl] "Will she get better? Is there hope?" "Very little. She'll probably die..." (2a).

• ВРЯД <НАВРЯД со//. ЕДВА> ЛИ

[Particle]

=====

⇒ it is dubious:

- it is doubtful <unlikely, hardly likely> (that...);

- probably (...) not;

- I doubt it;

- I doubt if < whether>...;

- [in limited contexts] hardly;

- scarcely.

     ♦...Едва ли и мать воочию видела то бескрайнее небо... (Обухова 1)....It is doubtful that even her mother had seen that endless sky... (1a).

     ♦ Мои пращуры любили сначала по праву брачной ночи, потом - за деньги. Едва ли кто-нибудь из них любил своих жен (Федин 1). My forefathers loved at first according to the droit de seigneur, then for money. It is unlikely that any of them loved their wives (1a).

     ♦ Не знаю, жив ли он сейчас. Вряд ли (Гинзбург 2). I don't know whether he's alive now. It's hardly likely (2a).

     ♦ "...В хозяйстве [твой отец] вряд ли смыслит, но он добряк" (Тургенев 2). "...It's hardly likely that he [your father] understands farming, but he is a good-natured man" (2d).

     ♦ "Ну как, сдадим к празднику объект?" - " Вряд ли" (Войнович 5). "So, how about it, we'll hand over the building by the holiday?" "I doubt it" (5a).

     ♦ [Грекова:] Вы так привыкли к разного рода резкостям, что мои слова едва ли будут вам в диковинку... (Чехов 1). [G.:] You're so used to all kinds of rudeness, I doubt if what I say will surprise you at all (1b).

     ♦ "Количество дохода определить нельзя. При нынешнем беспорядке едва ли вы получите больше трех тысяч..." (Гончаров 1). "It is impossible to tell you what your income amounts to. In the present rather confused state of affairs you will hardly receive more than three thousand..." (1a).

     ♦..."Видному лицу" такое высокомерие к новому любимчику вряд ли понравится (Аксенов 7). The Important Personage would scarcely countenance an overbearing attitude towards his new favorite (7a).

     ♦ "Выздоровеет? Можно надеяться?" - "Едва ли. Умрет девочка..." (Шолохов 2). [context transl] "Will she get better? Is there hope?" "Very little. She'll probably die..." (2a).

• ВРЯД <НАВРЯД со//. ЕДВА> ЛИ

[Particle]

=====

⇒ it is dubious:

- it is doubtful <unlikely, hardly likely> (that...);

- probably (...) not;

- I doubt it;

- I doubt if < whether>...;

- [in limited contexts] hardly;

- scarcely.

     ♦... Едва ли и мать воочию видела то бескрайнее небо... (Обухова 1)....It is doubtful that even her mother had seen that endless sky... (1a).

     ♦ Мои пращуры любили сначала по праву брачной ночи, потом - за деньги. Едва ли кто-нибудь из них любил своих жен (Федин 1). My forefathers loved at first according to the droit de seigneur, then for money. It is unlikely that any of them loved their wives (1a).

     ♦ Не знаю, жив ли он сейчас. Вряд ли (Гинзбург 2). I don't know whether he's alive now. It's hardly likely (2a).

     ♦ "...В хозяйстве [твой отец] вряд ли смыслит, но он добряк" (Тургенев 2). "...It's hardly likely that he [your father] understands farming, but he is a good-natured man" (2d).

     ♦ "Ну как, сдадим к празднику объект?" - " Вряд ли" (Войнович 5). "So, how about it, we'll hand over the building by the holiday?" "I doubt it" (5a).

     ♦ [Грекова:] Вы так привыкли к разного рода резкостям, что мои слова едва ли будут вам в диковинку... (Чехов 1). [G.:] You're so used to all kinds of rudeness, I doubt if what I say will surprise you at all (1b).

     ♦ "Количество дохода определить нельзя. При нынешнем беспорядке едва ли вы получите больше трех тысяч..." (Гончаров 1). "It is impossible to tell you what your income amounts to. In the present rather confused state of affairs you will hardly receive more than three thousand..." (1a).

     ♦..."Видному лицу" такое высокомерие к новому любимчику вряд ли понравится (Аксенов 7). The Important Personage would scarcely countenance an overbearing attitude towards his new favorite (7a).

     ♦ "Выздоровеет? Можно надеяться?" - "Едва ли. Умрет девочка..." (Шолохов 2). [context transl] "Will she get better? Is there hope?" "Very little. She'll probably die..." (2a).

निर् ind. A substitute for निस् before vowels and soft consonants conveying the senses of 'out of', 'away from'. 'without', 'free from', and be frequently expressed by 'less', 'un', used with the noun; see the compounds given below; see निस् and cf. अ also.

-Comp. -अंश a.

1 whole, entire.

-2 not entitled to any share of the ancestral property.

-अक्षः the place of no latitute; i. e. the terrestrial equator (in astronomy). ˚देशः

1 a first meridian, as Laṅkā.

-2 a place where the sun is always vertical and the days and nights are equal.

-3 the equatorial region.

-अक्षर a. Not knowing the letters, illiterate.

-अग्नि a. having lost or neg- lected the consecrated fire; स संन्यासी च योगी च न निरग्निर्न चाक्रियः Bg.6.1.

-अग्र (क) a. divisible without remain- der.

-अङ्कुश a. 'not curbed by a hook', unchecked, uncontrolled; unruly, independent, completely free, unfettered; निरङ्कुश इव द्विपः Bhāg.; कामो निकामनिरङ्कुशः Gīt.7; निरङ्कुशाः कवयः Sk.; Bh.3.15; Mv.3.39; विनयरुचयः सदैव निरङ्कुशाः Mu.3.6. ˚ता self-will, indepen- dence.

-अघ a. sinless, blameless.

-अङ्ग a.

1 having no parts.

-2 deprived of expedients or resources.

-अजिन a. skinless.

-अञ्जन a.

1 without collyrium; निरञ्जने साचिविलोलिकं दृशौ Ki.8.52.

-2 unstained, untinged.

-3 free from falsehood; तदा विद्वान् पुण्यपापे विधूय निरञ्जनं परमं साम्यमुपैति Munda 3.1.3.

-4 simple, artless.

(-नः) 1 an epithet of Śiva.

-2 N. of the Supreme Being.

(-ना) 1 the day of full moon.

-2 an epithet of Durgā.

-अतिशय a. unsurpassed, matchless, un- rivalled; निरतिशयं गरिमाणं तेन जनन्याः स्मरन्ति विद्वांसः Pt.1.3. (

-यः) the Supreme Being.

-अत्यय a.

1 free from danger, secure, safe; तद्भवान् वृत्तसंपन्नः स्थितः पथि निरत्यये Rām.4.29.12; R.17.53.

-2 free from fault, unblamable, faultless, disinterested; Ki.1.12, शक्तिरर्थपतिषु स्वयंग्रहं प्रेम कारयति वा निरत्ययम् 13.61.

-3 com- pletely successful.

-अधिष्ठान a.

1 supportless.

-2 in- dependent.

-अध्व a. one who has lost one's way.

-अनुक्रोश a. pitiless, merciless, hard-hearted. (

-शः) mercilessness, hard-heartedness.

-अनुग a. having no followers.

-अनुग्रह a. Ungracious, unkind; Bhāg.5. 12.7.

-अनुनासिक a. not nasal.

-अनुमान a. not bound to conclusions or consequences.

-अनुयोज्य a. unblamable, faultless.

-अनुरोध a.

1 unfavourable, unfriendly.

-2 unkind, unamiable; Māl.1.

-अन्तर a.

-1 constant, perpetual, uninterrupted, incessant; निरन्त- राधिपटलैः Bv.1.16; निरन्तरास्वन्तरवातवृष्टिषु Ku.5.25.

-2 having no intervening or intermediate space, having no interval, close, closely contiguous, in close contact; मूढे निरन्तरपयोधरया मयैव Mk.5.15; हृदयं निरन्तरबृहत्कठिनस्तन- मण्डलावरणमप्यभिदन् Śi.9.66.

-3 compact, dense; परितो रुद्धनिरन्तराम्बराः Śi.16.76.

-4 coarse, gross.

-5 faithful, true (as a friend).

-6 not hidden from view.

-7 not different, similar, identical.

-8 sincere, sympathetic; सुहृदि निरन्तरचित्ते (निवेद्य दुःखं सुखीभवति) Pt.1.341.

-9 abounding in, full of; निपात्यमानैर्ददृशे निरन्तरम् Rām.7.7. 54; गुणैश्च निरन्तराणि Mv.4.12. (

-रम्) ind.

1 without interruption, constantly, continually, incessantly.

-2 without intervening space or interval.

-3 closely, tightly, firmly; (परिष्वजस्व) कान्तैरिदं मम निरन्तरमङ्गमङ्गैः Ve.3.27; परिष्वजेते शयने निरन्तरम् Ṛs.2.11.

-4 immedia- tely. ˚अभ्यासः constant study, diligent exercise or pra- ctice.

-अन्तराल a.

1 without an intervening space, close.

-2 narrow.

-अन्धस् a. foodless, hungry.

-अन्वय a.

1 having no progeny, childless.

-2 unconnected, unrelated; Ms.8.198.

-3 not agreeing with the con- text (as a word in a sentence).

-4 without logical connection or regular sequence, unmethodical.

-5 without being seen, out of sight; निरन्वयं भवेत् स्तेयम् Ms.8. 332.

-6 without retinue, unaccompanied, see अन्वय.

-7 sudden, unexpected; U.7.

-8 exterminatory, without leaving any species or trace; प्रागाधारनिरन्वयप्रमथनादुच्छेदमे- वाकरोः... Mv.3.13; (com. नाशो द्विविधः--स्वान्वयविनाशः, निरन्वयविनाशश्चेति......निर्वापणादिना सजातीयज्वालोदयानर्हविनाशस्तु निरन्वयविनाशः ।).

-अपत्रप a.

1 shameless, impudent.

-2 bold.

-अपराध a. guiltless, innocent, faultless, blame- less. (

-धः) innocence.

-अपवर्त a.

1 not turning back.

-2 (in arith.) leaving no common divisor, reduced to the lowest terms.

-अपवाद a.

1 blameless.

-2 not admitting of any exception.

-अपाय a.

1 free from harm or evil.

-2 free from decay, imperishable.

-3 infallible; उपायो निरपायो$यमस्माभिरभिचिन्तितः Rām.1.1.2.

-अपेक्ष a.

1 not depending on, irrespective or independent of, having no need of (with loc.); न्यायनिर्णीतसारत्वा- न्निरपेक्षमिवागमे Ki.11.39.

-2 disregarding, taking no notice of.

-3 free from desire, secure; निरपेक्षो न कर्तव्यो भृत्यैः स्वामी कदाचन H.2.82.

-4 careless, negligent, indifferent

-5 indifferent to worldly attachments or pursuits; समुपोढेषु कामेषु निरपेक्षः परिव्रजेत् Ms.6.41.

-6 disinterested, not expecting any reward from another; दिशि दिशि निरपेक्ष- स्तावकीनं विवृण्वन् Bv.1.5.

-7 without purpose. (

-क्षा) indifference, disregard.

-अपेक्षित a.

1 disregarded.

-2 regardless.

-अपेक्षिन् a. disregarding, indifferent.

-अभिभव a.

1 not subject to humiliation or disgrace.

-2 not to be surpassed, unrivalled.

-अभिमान a.

1 free from self-conceit, devoid of pride or egotism.

-2 void of self-respect.

-3 unconscious.

-अभिलाष a. not caring for, indifferent to; स्वसुखनिरभिलाषः खिद्यसे लोकहेतोः Ś.5.7.

-अभिसंधानम् absence of design.

-अभ्र a. cloudless.

-अमर्ष a.

1 void of anger, patient.

-2 apa- thetic.

-अम्बर a. naked.

-अम्बु a.

1 abstaining from water.

-2 waterless, destitute of water.

-अर्गल a. without a bolt, unbarred, unobstructed, unrestrained, unimpeded, completely free; M.5; मरणसमये त्यक्त्वा शङ्कां प्रलापनिरर्गलम् Māl.5.26. (

-लम्) ind. freely.

-अर्थ a.

1 void of wealth, poor, indigent; स्त्रियः कृतार्थाः पुरुषं निरर्थं निष्पीडितालक्तकवत्त्यजन्ति Pt.1.194.

-2 meaningless, un- meaning (as a word or sentence).

-3 non-sensical.

-4 vain, useless, purposeless.

(-र्थः) 1 loss, detriment.

-2 nonsense.

-अर्थक a.

1 useless, vain, unprofitable.

-2 unmeaning, nonsensical, conveying no reasonable meaning; इत्थं जन्म निरर्थकं क्षितितले$रण्ये यथा मालती S. D.

-3 (a consonant) not followed by a vowel. (

-कम्) an expletive; निरर्थकं तु हीत्यादि पूरणैकप्रयोजनम् Chandr.2.6.

-अलंकृतिः (in Rhet.) want of ornament, simplicity.

-अवकाश a.

1 without free space.

-2 without leisure.

-अवग्रह a.

1 'free from restraint', unrestrained, un- checked, uncontrolled, irresistible.

-2 free, indepen- dent.

-3 self-willed, head-strong. (

-हम्) ind.

1 un- interruptedly.

-2 intensely, strongly.

-अवद्य a.

1 blameless, faultless, unblameable, unobjectionable; हृद्य- निरवद्यरूपो भूपो बभूव Dk.1.

-2 an epithet of the Supreme Being (having no passions).

-अवधि a. having no end, unlimited; कथं तूष्णीं सह्यो निरवधिरयं त्वप्रतिविधः U. 3.44;6.3; Māl.1.6.

-2 continuous; महानाधिव्याधि- र्निरवधिरिदानीं प्रसरतु Māl.4.3.

- अवयव a.

1 without parts.

-2 indivisible.

-3 without limbs.

-अवलम्ब a.

1 unsupported, without support; Ś.6.

-2 not affording support.

-3 not depending or relying on.

-अवशेष a. whole, complete, entire, (निरवशेषेण ind. completely, entirely, fully, totally).

-अवसाद a. cheerful; Gīt.

-अव्यय a. eternal, immutable.

- अशन a. abstaining from food. (

-नम्) fasting.

-अश्रि a. even; Kau. A.2.11.

-अष्ट a. Ved. driven away, scattered. (

-ष्टः) a horse twentyfour years old.

-अस्त्र a. weaponless, unarmed.

-अस्थि a. boneless.

-अहंकार, -अहंकृति a. free from egotism or pride, humble, lowly; Bg.12.13.

-अहंकृत a.

1 having no egotism or self-consciousness.

-2 without individuality.

-3 unselfish.

-अहम् a. free from egotism or self-conceit; ह्यनामरूपं निरहं प्रपद्ये Bhāg. 5.19.4.

-आकाङ्क्ष a.

1 wishing nothing, free from desire.

-2 wanting nothing to fill up or complete (as the sense of a word or sentence).

-आकार a.

1 devoid of form, formless, without form.

-2 ugly, deformed.

-3 disguised.

-4 unassuming, modest.

(-रः) 1 the universal spirit, Almighty.

-2 an epithet of Śiva.

-3 of Viṣṇu. ˚ज्ञानवादः the doctrine that the perception of the outer world does not arise from images impres- sed on the mind; Sarva. S.

-आकृति a.

1 formless, shapeless.

-2 deformed.

(-तिः) 1 a religious student who has not duly gone through a course of study, or who has not properly read the Vedas.

-2 especially, a Brāhmaṇa who has neglected the duties of his caste by not going through a regular course of study; a fool; ग्रामधान्यं यथा शून्यं यथा कूपश्च निर्जलः । यथा हुतमनग्नौ च तथैव स्यान्निराकृतौ ॥ Mb.12.36.48.

-3 one who neglects the five great religious duties or yajñas; Ms.3.154.

-आकाश a. leaving no free space, completely filled or occupied,

-आकुल a.

1 unconfused, unperplexed, un- bewildered; Ki.11.38.

-2 steady, calm; सुपात्रनिक्षेपनिरा- कुलात्मना (प्रजासृजा) Śi.1.28.

-3 clear.

-4 perspicuous; अलिकुलसङ्कुलकुसुमसमूहनिराकुलबकुलकलापे Gīt.1.

(-लम्) 1 calmness serenity.

-2 perspicuity, clearness.

-आक्रन्द a. not crying or complaining. (

-दः) a place where no sound can be heard.

-आक्रोश a. unaccused, unreviled.

- आगम a. not founded on revelation or scripture, not derived from the Vedas.

-आगस् a. faultless, innocent, sinless; कथमेकपदे निरागसं जनमाभाष्यमिमं न मन्यसे R.8.48.

-आचार a. without approved customs or usages, lawless, barbarian.

-आडम्बर a.

1 without drums.

-2 without show, unostentatious.

-आतङ्क a.

1 free from fear; R.1.63; निरातङ्को रङ्को विहरति चिरं कोटिकनकैः Śaṅkara (देव्यपराधक्षमापनस्तोत्रम् 6).

-2 without ailment, comfort- able, healthy.

-3 not causing pain.

-4 unchecked, unhampered; निरातङ्कः पङ्केष्विव पिशितपिण्डेषु विलसन् Māl. 5.34. (

-कः) an epithet of Śiva.

- आतप a. sheltered from heat, shady, not penetrated by the sun's rays. (

-पा) the night.

- आदर a. disrespectful.

-आदान a.

1 taking or receiving nothing; Mb.3.

-2 an epithet of Buddha.

-आधार a.

1 without a receptacle.

-2 without support, supportless (fig. also); निराधारो हा रोदिमि कथय केषामिह पुरः G. L.4.39.

-आधि a. secure, free from anxiety.

-आनन्द a. cheerless, sad, sorrowful.

-आन्त्र a.

1 disembowelled.

-2 having the entrails hanging out.

-आपद् a. free from misfortune or calamity. (-f.) prosperity.

-आबाध a.

1 unvexed, unmolested, undis- turbed, free from disturbance.

-2 unobstructed.

-3 not molesting or disturbing.

-4 (in law) frivolously vexatious (as a suit or cause of complaint); e. g. अस्मद्- गृहप्रदीपप्रकाशेनायं स्वगृहे व्यवहरति Mitā.

- आमय a.

1 free from disease or illness, sound, healthy, hale.

-2 untainted, pure.

-3 guileless.

-4 free from defects or blemishes.

-5 full, complete.

-6 infallible.

-7 not liable to failure or miscarriage. (

-यः, यम्) freedom from disease or illness, health, well-being, welfare, happiness; कुरूणां पाण्डवानां च प्रतिपत्स्व निरामयम् Mb.5.78.8.

(-यः) 1 a wild goat.

-2 a hog or boar.

-आमिष a.

1 fleshless; निरुपमरसप्रीत्या खादन्नरास्थि निरामिषम् Bh.

-2 having no sensual desires or covetousness; Ms.6.49.

-3 receiving no wages or remuneration.

-आय a. yielding no income or revenue, profitless.

-यः an idler living from hand to mouth.

- आयत a.

1 full-stretched or extended; निरायतपूर्वकायाः Ś.1.8.

-2 contracted, compact.

-आय- -तत्वम् shortness, compactness; निरायतत्वादुदरेण ताम्यता Ki.8.17.

-आयति a. one whose end is at hand; नियता लघुता निरायतेः Ki.2.14.

-आयास a. not fatiguing, easy.

-आयुध a. unarmed, weaponless.

-आरम्भ a. abstaining from all work (in good sense); Mb.3.82.11.

-आलम्ब a.

1 having no prop or support (fig. also); ऊर्ध्वबाहुं निरालम्बं तं राजा प्रत्यभाषत Rām.7.89.1; निरालम्बो लोकः कुलमयशसा नः परिवृतम् Mv.4.53.

-2 not depending on another, independent.

-3 self-supported, friendless, alone; निरालम्बो लम्बोदरजननि कं यामि शरणम् Jag. (

-म्बा) spikenard. (

-म्बम्) Brahman.

-आलोक a.

1 not looking about or seeing.

-2 deprived of sight.

-3 deprived of light, dark; निरालोकं लोकम् Māl.5.3; Bhāg.8.24.35.

-5 invisible. (

-कः) an epithet of Śiva.

-आवर्ण a. manifest, evident.

-आश a.

1 devoid of hope, despairing or despondent of; मनो बभूवेन्दुमतीनिराशम् R.6.2.

-2 depriving (one) of all hope.

-आशक, -आशिन् a. hopeless; अद्य दुर्योधनो राज्याज्जीविताच्च निराशकः (भविष्यति) Mb.8.74.13.

-आशङ्क a. fearless.

-आशा hopeless- ness, despair.

-आशिस् a.

1 without a boon or blessing, without virtues; आश्रमा विहिताः सर्वे वर्जयित्वा निराशिषम् Mb.12.63.13.

-2 without any desire, wish or hope, indifferent; निराशीर्यतचित्तात्मा Bg.4.21; जगच्छ- रण्यस्य निराशिषः सतः Ku.5.76.

-आश्रय a.

1 without a prop or support, supportless, unsupported; न तिष्ठति निराश्रयं लिङ्गम् Sāṅ. K.41.

-2 friendless, destitute, alone, without shelter or refuge; निराश्रयाधुना वत्सलता.

-3 not deep (as a wound).

-आस्वाद a. tasteless, insipid, un- savoury.

-आहार a. 'foodless', fasting, abstaining from food. (

-रः) fasting; कालो$ग्निः कर्म मृद् वायुर्मनो ज्ञानं तपो जलम् । पश्चात्तापो निराहारः सर्वे$मी शुद्धिहेतवः ॥ Y.3.31.

-इङ्ग a. immovable, stationary; यथा दीपो निवातस्थो निरिङ्गो ज्वलते पुनः Mb.12.46.6.

-इच्छ a. without wish or desire, indifferent.

-इन्द्रिय a.

1 having lost a limb or the use of it.

-2 mutilated, maimed.

-3 weak, infirm, frail; Kaṭh.1.1.3.

-4 barren.

-5 without प्रमाण or means of certain knowledge; निरिन्द्रिया ह्यमन्त्राश्च स्त्रियो$नृत- मिति स्थितिः Ms.9.18.

-6 destitute of manly vigour, impotent (Ved.).

-इन्धन a. destitute of fuel.

-ईति a. free from the calamities of the season; निरातङ्का निरीतयः R.1.63; see ईति.

-ईश्वर a. godless, atheistic. -˚वाद atheistic doctrine.

-ईषम् the body of a plough.

-ईह a.

1 desireless, indifferent; निरीहाणामीशस्तृणमिव तिरस्कारविषयः Mu.3.16.

-2 inactive; निरीहस्य हतद्विषः R.1.24.

(-हा), -निरीहता, -त्वम् 1 inactivity.

-2 indifference.

-उच्छ्वास a.

1 breathless, without breathing; निरुच्छ्वासं हरिं चक्रुः Rām.7.7.6.

-2 narrow, contracted; उपेयुषो वर्त्म निरन्तराभिरसौ निरुच्छ्वासमनीकिनीभिः Śi.3.32.

-3 dead; निरुच्छ्वासाः पुनः केचित् पतिता जगतीतले Rām.6.58.13. (

-सः) absence of breath; लोका निरुच्छ्वासनिपीडिता भृशम् Bhāg.4. 8.8.

-उत्तर a.

1 answerless, without a reply.

-2 un- able to answer, silenced.

-3 having no superior.

-उत्थ a. irrecoverable.

-उद्धति a. not jolting (a chariot); अभूतल- स्पर्शतया निरुद्धतिः Ś.7.1. (v. l.)

-उत्सव a. without festivi- ties; विरतं गेयमृतुर्निरुत्सवः R.8.66.

-उत्साह a.

1 inactive, indolent.

-2 devoid of energy.

(-हः) 1 absence of energy.

-2 indolence.

-उत्सुक a.

1 indifferent.

-2 calm, tranquil.

- उदक a. waterless.

- उदर a.

1 having no belly or trunk.

-2 thin (अतुन्दिल); श्रीमान्निरुदरो महान् Rām.3.16.31.

-उद्यम, -उद्योग a. effortless, inactive, lazy, idle.

उद्विग्न, -उद्वेग a. free from excitement or perturbation, sedate, calm.

-उपक्रम a.

1 without a commencement.

-2 incurable.

-उपद्रव a.

1 free from calamity or affliction, not visited by danger or adver- sity, lucky, happy, undisturbed, unmolested, free from hostile attacks.

-2 free from national distress or tyranny.

-3 causing no affliction.

-4 auspicious (as a star).

-5 secure, peaceful.

-उपधि a. guileless, honest; U.2.2. ˚जीवन a. leading an honest life. (v. l.).

-उपपत्ति a. unsuitable.

- उपपद a.

1 without any title or designation; अरे आर्यचारुदत्तं निरुपपदेन नाम्नालपसि Mk.1.18/19.

-2 unconnected with a subordinate word.

-उपप्लव a.

1 free from disturbance, obstacle or calamity, unharmed; निरुपप्लवानि नः कर्माणि संवृत्तानि Ś3.

-2 not causing any affliction or misery.

-3 an epithet of Śiva.

-उपभोग a. without enjoyment; संसरति निरुपभोगं भावैरधिवासितं लिङ्गम् Sāṅ. K.4.

- उपम a. peerless, matchless, incomparable.

-उपसर्ग free from portents.

-उपस्कृत a. not corrupted, pure; of self-denying temperament; शमेन तपसा चैव भक्त्या च निरुपस्कृतः । शुद्धात्मा ब्राह्मणो रात्रौ निदर्शनमपश्यत ॥ Mb.12.271.14.

- उपहत a.

1 not injured, unhurt.

-2 auspicious, lucky.

-उपाख्य a.

1 unreal, false, non-existent (as वन्ध्यापुत्र).

-2 immaterial.

-3 invisible. (

-ख्यम्) the supreme Brahman.

-उपाधि (क) a. without qualities, absolute.

-उपाय a.

1 without expedients, helpless.

-2 unsuc- cessful.

-उपेक्ष a.

1 free from trick or fraud.

-2 not neglectful.

-उष्मन् a. devoid of heat, cold.

-गन्ध a. void of smell, scentless, unfragrant, inodorous; निर्गन्धा इव किंशुकाः. ˚पुष्पी f. the Śālmali tree.

-गर्व a. free from pride.

-गवाक्ष a. windowless.

-गुण a.

1 stringless (as a bow).

-2 devoid of all properties.

-3 devoid of good qualities, bad, worthless; निर्गुणः शोभते नैव विपुलाड- म्बरो$पि ना Bv.1.115.

-4 without attributes; साकारं च निराकारं सगुणं निर्गुणं विभुम् Brahmavai. P.

-5 having no epithet. (

-णः) the Supreme Spirit. ˚आत्मक a. having no qualities.

-गृहः a. houseless, homeless; सुगृही निर्गृही- कृता Pt.39.

-गौरव a.

1 without dignity, undignified.

-2 devoid of respect.

-ग्रन्थ a.

1 freed from all ties or hindrances; आत्मारामाश्च मुनयो निर्ग्रन्था अप्युरुक्रमे । कुर्वन्त्यहैतुकीं भक्तिम् Bhāg.1.7.1.

-2 poor, possessionless, beggarly.

-3 alone, unassisted.

(-न्थः) 1 an idiot, a fool.

-2 a gambler.

-3 a saint or devotee who has renounced all worldly attachments and wanders about naked and lives as a hermit.

-4 A Buddha Muni.

-ग्रन्थक a.

1 clever, expert.

-2 unaccompanied, alone.

-3 deserted, abandoned.

-4 fruitless. (

-कः 1 a religious mendicant.

-2 a naked devotee.

-3 a gam- bler.

-ग्रन्थिक a. clever. (

-कः) a naked mendicant, a Jaina mendicant of the Digambara class.

-घटम् 1 a free market.

-2 a crowded market.

-घण्टः See निघण्टः.

-घृण a.

1 cruel, merciless, pitiless.

-2 shame- less, immodest.

-घृणा cruelty.

-घोष a. noiseless, still, calm.

-जन a.

1 tenantless, uninhabited, unfrequented, lonely, desolate.

-2 without any retinue or attendants; भूयश्चैवाभिरक्षन्तु निर्धनान्निर्जना इव Mb.12.151.7. (

-नम्) a desert, solitude, lonely place.

-जन्तु a. free from living germs; H. Yoga.

-जर a.

1 young, fresh.

-2 imperishable, immortal. (

-रः) a deity, god; (nom. pl. निर्जराः -निर्जरसः) (

-रम्) ambrosia, nectar.

-जरायु a. Ved. skinless.

-जल a.

1 waterless, desert, destitute of water.

-2 not mixed with water. (

-लः) a waste, desert. ˚एकादशी N. of the eleventh day in the bright half of Jyeṣṭha.

-जाड्य free from coldness.

-जिह्वः a frog.

-जीव a.

1 lifeless.

-2 dead; चिता दहति निर्जीवं चिन्ता दहति जीवितम्.

-ज्ञाति a. having no kinsmen, alone.

-ज्वर a. feverless, healthy.

-दण्डः a Śūdra.

-दय a.

1 merci- less, cruel, pitiless, unmerciful, unkind.

-2 passion- ate.

-3 very close, firm or fast, strong, excessive, violent; मुग्धे विधेहि मयि निर्दयदन्तदंशम् Gīt.1; निर्दयरति- श्रमालसाः R.19.32; निर्दयाश्लेषहेतोः Me.18.

-4 unpitied by any; निर्दया निर्नमस्कारास्तन्मनोरनुशासनम् Ms.9.239.

-दयम् ind.

1 unmercifully, cruelly.

-2 violently, excessively; न प्रहर्तुमलमस्मि निर्दयम् R.11.84.

-दश a. more than ten days old; यदा पशुर्निर्दशः स्यादथ मेध्यो भवे- दिति Bhāg.9.7.11.

- दशन a. toothless.

-दाक्षिण्य a. uncourteous.

-दुःख a.

1 free from pain, painless.

-2 not causing pain.

-दैन्य a. happy, comfortable.

-दोष a.

1 faultless, defectless; न निर्दोषं न निर्गुणम्

-2 guiltless, innocent.

-द्रव्य a.

1 immaterial.

-2 without property, poor.

-द्रोह a. not hostile, friendly, well-disposed, not malicious.

-द्वन्द्व a.

1 indifferent in regard to opposite pairs of feelings (pleasure or pain), neither glad nor sorry; निर्द्वन्द्वो निर्ममो भूत्वा चरिष्यामि मृगैः सह Mb.1.85.16; निर्द्वन्द्वो नित्यसत्त्वस्थो निर्योगक्षेम आत्मवान् Bg.2.45.

-2 not dependent upon another, independent.

-3 free from jealousy or envy.

-4 not double.

-5 not contested, un- disputed.

-6 not acknowledging two principles.

-धन a. without property, poor, indigent; शशिनस्तुल्यवंशो$पि निर्धनः परिभूयते Chāṇ.82. (

-नः) an old ox. ˚ता, ˚त्वम् poverty, indigence.

-धर्म a. unrighteous, impious, unholy.

-धूम a. smokeless.

-धौत a. cleansed, rendered clean; निर्धौत- दानामलगण्डभित्तिर्वन्यः सरित्तो गज उन्ममज्ज R.5.43.

-नमस्कार a.

1 not courteous or civil, not respecting any one.

-2 disrespected, despised.

-नर a. abandoned by men, deserted.

-नाणक a. coinless, penniless; Mk.2.

-नाथ a. without a guardian or master. ˚ता

1 want of protection.

-2 widowhood.

-3 orphanage.

-नाभि a. going or reaching beyond the navel; निर्नाभि कौशेयमुपात्तबाणम् Ku.7.7.

-नायक a. having no leader or ruler, anarchic.

-नाशन, -नाशिन् a. expelling, banishing.

-निद्र a. sleepless, wakeful.

-निमित्त a.

1 causeless.

-2 disinterested.

-निमेष a. not twinkling.

-बन्धु a. without kindred or relation, friendless.

-बल n. powerless, weak, feeble.

-बाध a.

1 unobstructed.

-2 unfrequented, lonely, solitary.

-3 unmolested.

(-धः) 1 a part of the marrow.

-2 a knob.

-बीज a. seedless, impotent. (

-जा) a sort of grape (Mar. बेदाणा).

-बुद्धि a. stupid, ignorant, foolish.

-बुष, -बुस a. unhusked, freed from chaff.

-भक्त a. taken without eating (as a medicine).

-भय a.

1 fearless, undaunted.

-2 free from danger, safe, secure; निर्भयं तु भवेद्यस्य राष्ट्रं बाहुबलाश्रितम् Ms.9.255.

-भर a.

1 excessive, vehement, violent, much, strong; त्रपाभरनिर्भर- स्मरशर &c. Gīt.12; तन्व्यास्तिष्ठतु निर्भरप्रणयिता मानो$पि रम्यो- दयः Amaru.47.

-2 ardent.

-3 fast, close (as embrace); कुचकुम्भनिर्भरपरीरम्भामृतं वाञ्छति Gīt.; परिरभ्य निर्भरम् Gīt.1.

-4 sound, deep (as sleep).

-5 full of, filled with (at the end of comp.); आनन्द˚, गर्व˚ &c. (

-रः) a servant receiving no wages. (

-रम्) excess. (

-रम् ind.)

1 ex- cessively, exceedingly, intensely.

-2 soundly.

-भाग्य a. unfortunate, unlucky.

-भाज्य a. to be separated; स निर्भाज्यः स्वकादंशात् किंचिद्दत्वोपजीवनम् Ms.9.27.

-भृतिः a. without wages, hireless.

-भोगः a. not fond of plea- sures.

-मक्षिक a. 'free from flies', undisturbed, private, lonely. (

-कम्) ind. without flies, i. e. lonely, private; कृतं भवतेदानीं निर्मक्षिकम् Ś.2,6.

-मज्ज a. fatless, meagre.

-मत्सर a. free from envy, unenvious; निर्मत्सरे मत्समे वत्स... वसुन्धराभारमारोप्य Rāmāyaṇachampū.

-मत्स्य a. fishless.

-मद a.

1 not intoxicated, sober, quiet.

-2 not proud, humble.

-3 sad, sorry.

-4 not in rut (as an elephant).

-मनुज, -मनुष्य a. tenantless, uninhabited, deserted by men.

-मन्तु a. faultless, innocent.

-मन्त्र a.

1 a ceremony, unaccompanied by holy texts.

-2 not familiar with holy texts; Mb.12.36.43.

-मन्यु, -मन्युक a. free from anger; Mb.5.133.4.

-मम a.

1 free from all connections with the outer world, who has renounced all worldly ties; संसारमिव निर्ममः (ततार) R.12.6; Bg.2.71; निराशीर्निर्ममो भूत्वा युध्यस्व विगतज्वरः 3.3.

-2 unselfish, disinterested.

-3 indifferent to (with loc.); निर्ममे निर्ममो$र्थेषु मथुरां मधुराकृतिः R.15.28; प्राप्तेष्वर्थेषु निर्ममाः Mb.

-4 an epithet of Śiva.

-मर्याद a.

1 boundless, immeasurable.

-2 transgressing the limits of right or propriety, unrestrained, unruly, sinful, criminal; मनुजपशुभिर्निर्मर्यादैर्भवद्भिरुदायुधैः Ve.3.22.

-3 confused.

-4 insolent, immodest. (

-दम्) ind. confusedly, topsy- turvy. (

-दम्) confusion, disorder.

-मल a.

1 free from dirt or impurities, clear, pure, stainless, unsullied (fig. also); नीरान्निर्मलतो जनिः Bv.1.63.

-2 resplendent, bright; Bh.1.56.

-3 sinless, virtuous; निर्मलाः स्वर्गमायान्ति सन्तः सुकृतिनो यथा Ms.8.318.

(-लम्) 1 talc.

-2 the remainings of an offering made to a deity. ˚उपलः a crystal.

- मशक a. free from gnats.

-मांस a. fleshless; स्वल्प- स्नायुवसावशेषमलिनं निर्मांसमप्यस्थिकम् Bh.2.3.

-मान a.

1 without self-confidence.

-2 free from pride.

-मानुष a. uninhabited, desolate.

-मार्ग a. roadless, pathless.

-मिथ्य a. not false, true; H. Yoga.

-मुटः 1 a tree bearing large blossoms.

-2 the sun.

-3 a rogue. (

-टम्) a large free market or fair.

-मूल a.

1 rootless (as a tree).

-2 baseless, unfounded (statement, charge &c.).

-3 eradicated.

-मेघ a. cloudless.

-मेध a. without un- derstanding, stupid, foolish, dull.

-मोह a. free from illusion. (

-हः) an epithet of Śiva.

-यत्न a. inactive, lazy, dull.

-यन्त्रण a.

1 unrestrained, unobstructed, uncontrolled, unrestricted.

-2 unruly, self-willed, in- dependent.

(-णम्) 1 squeezing out.

-2 absence of restraint, independence.

-यशस्क a. without fame, dis- creditable, inglorious.

-युक्त a.

1 constructed, built.

-2 directed.

-3 (in music) limited to metre and mea- sure.

-युक्ति f.

1 disunion.

-2 absence of connection or government.

-3 unfitness, impropriety.

-युक्तिक a.

1 disjoined, unconnected.

-2 illogical, unmeaning.

-3 unfit, improper.

-यूथ a. separated from the herd, strayed from the flock (as an elephant).

-यूष = निर्यास.

-योगक्षेम a. free from care (about acquisition); Bg.2. 45.

-रक्त a. (

-नीरक्त) colourless, faded.

-रज, -रजस्क a.

(-नीरज, नीरजस्क) 1 free from dust.

-2 devoid of passion or darkness. (

-जः) an epithet of Śiva.

-रजस् (नरिजस्) a. see

नीरज. (-f.) a woman not men- struating. ˚तमसा absence of passion or darkness.

-रत (नीरत) a. not attached to, indifferent.

-रन्ध्र a.

(नीरन्ध्र) 1 without holes or interstices, very close or contiguous, thickly situated; नीरन्ध्रनीरनिचुलानि सरित्तटानि U.2.23.

-2 thick, dense.

-3 coarse, gross.

-रव a. (

-नीरव) not making any noise, noiseless; गतिविभ्रमसाद- नीरवा (रसना) R.8.58.

-रस a.

(नीरस) 1 tasteless, unsavoury, flavourless.

-2 (fig.) insipid, without any poetic charm; नीरसानां पद्मानाम् S. D.1.

-3 sapless, without juice, withered or dried up; Ś. Til.9.

-4 vain, use- less, fruitless; अलब्धफलनीरसान् मम विधाय तस्मिन् जने V.2.11.

-5 disagreeable.

-6 cruel, merciless. (

-सः) the pomegranate.

- रसन a. (

नीरसन) having no girdle (रसना); Ki.5.11.

-रुच् a. (

नीरुच्) without lustre, faded, dim; परिमलरुचिराभिर्न्यक्कृतास्तु प्रभाते युवतिभिरुप- भोगान्नीरुचः पुष्पमालाः Śi.11.27.

-रुज्, -रुज a. (नीरुज्, नीरुज) free from sickness, healthy, sound; नीरुजस्य किमौषधैः H.1.

-रूप a. (नीरूप) formless, shapeless.

(-पः) 1 air, wind.

-2 a god. (

-पम्) ether.

-रोग a. (नीरोग) free from sickness or disease, healthy, sound; यथा नेच्छति नीरोगः कदाचित् सुचिकित्सकम् Pt.1.118.

-लक्षण a.

1 having no auspicious marks, ill-featured.

-2 undisting- uished.

-3 unimportant, insignificant.

-4 unspotted.

-5 having a white back.

-लक्ष्य a. invisible.

-लज्ज a. shameless, impudent.

-लाञ्छनम् the marking of dome- stic animals (by perforating the nose &c.).